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| CONTENTS |

| Preface |

| x |

| Part I Electrical Transformers |

| 1 |

| 1 Theory of Operation |

| 3 |

| Introduction: The Transformer |

| 3 |

| How It Works: Electromagnetism |

| 6 |

| Electromagnetic Fields |

| 6 |

| Electromagnetic Induction |

| 7 |

| Capacitance-Capacitive Reactance |

| 11 |

| Impedance |

| 12 |

| Generation of Voltage in a Transformer Coil |

| 13 |

| Ratio of Transformation |

| 14 |

| Action of Transformer Under Load |

| 15 |

| Transformer Losses |

| 17 |

| Impedance and Regulation of Transformer |

| 18 |

| Transformer Ratings |

| 19 |

| Review |

| 20 |

| 2 Transformer Construction |

| 22 |

| Principal Parts |

| 22 |

| Cores |

| 22 |

| Coils or Windings |

| 26 |

| Enclosure and Cooling Systems |

| 29 |

| Methods of Transformer Cooling |

| 29 |

| Moisture and Sludge |

| 30 |

| Increased Cooling |

| 32 |

| Askarels |

| 34 |

| Bushings and Terminals |

| 35 |

| Taps and Tap Changing |

| 37 |

| Insulation Coordination |

| 38 |

| Transformers with More Than Two Windings |

| 39 |

| Single- and Three-Phase Transformers |

| 39 |

| Portable Transformers |

| 40 |

| Tanks |

| 40 |

| Review |

| 41 |

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