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| 7 Testing and Troubleshooting |

| Tests are made on a transformer and its accessories for a variety of reasons: during manufacture, to check the condition of the components making up the assembly; at delivery, to ascertain that the prescribed standards are met; when in service, to determine its operating condition and maintenance requirements; as part of the maintenance process; under contingencies, to determine the sources and kinds of trouble; and, after repairs, to ascertain that the unit will meet the demands that will be made on it. |

| The tests described are somewhat basic. Their application may vary with the individual transformer under test. Further, these tests may be changed, to accommodate a particular type, class, or vintage of transformer, and to conform with equipment available, local conditions, and other factors. Specifically, the method of cooling may have important impact on the tests chosen and any variations made in them. Natural air cooled, forced air cooling, oil cooling, forced oil cooling, askarel cooling, water cooling, and combinations of these all present special problems and the test methods chosen should take these, among other factors, into account. |

| Low-Voltage Tests |

| These tests can be conveniently divided into two classes: low and high-voltage tests. The following are low-voltage tests. |

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