Zhu De
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| Zhu De | |||||||||||
| Chinese | 朱德 | ||||||||||
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| Zhu Yujie (zì) | |||||||||||
| Chinese | 朱玉阶 | ||||||||||
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Zhu De (Chu Teh; Chinese: 朱德; pinyin: Zhū Dé; pronounced [ʈʂú tɤ̌]; 1 December 1886 – 6 July 1976) was a Chinese general, warlord, politician, revolutionary, and one of the pioneers of the Communist Party of China. Born poor in 1886 in Sichuan, Zhu was adopted by a wealthy uncle at age nine; this prosperity provided him a superior early education that led to his admission into a military academy. After his time at the academy, he joined a rebel army, and soon became a warlord. It was after this period that he adopted communism. He ascended through the ranks of the Red Army as it closed in on securing the nation. By the time China was under Mao's control, Zhu was a high-ranking official within the Communist Party of China. He served as Commander-in-Chief during the Second Sino-Japanese War. In 1955, Zhu became one of the Ten Marshals of the People's Liberation Army, of which he is regarded as the principal founder. Zhu remained a prominent political figure until his death in 1976. As the chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress from 1975 to 1976, Zhu was the head of state of the People's Republic of China.
Life
Early life
Zhu was born on December 18, 1886 to a poor tenant farmer's family in Hung, a town in Yilong County, a hilly and isolated part of northern Sichuan province.[1] Of the fifteen children born to the family only eight survived. His family relocated to Sichuan during the migration from Hunan province and Guangdong province.[2][3][4] His origins are often given as Hakka, but Agnes Smedley's biography of him says his people came from Guangdong and speaks of Hakka as merely associates of his.[5] She also says that older generations of his family had spoken the 'Kwangtung dialect' (which would be close to but probably different from modern Cantonese. And that his generation also spoke the 'Szechwan dialect', Sichuanese Standard Chinese, a distinct regional variant that is however intelligable to other speakers of Standard Chinese (Mandarin).[6]
In spite of the family's poverty, by pooling resources, Zhu was chosen to be sent to a regional private school in 1892. At age nine, Zhu was adopted by his prosperous uncle, whose political influence allowed him to gain access to Yunnan Military Academy.[7] Before the suspension of imperial examinations in 1906, he attained the rank of Xiucai, which allowed him to qualify as a civil servant.[8][9] He enrolled in a Sichuan high school around 1907, and graduated in 1908. Subsequently, he returned to Yilong's primary school as a gym instructor. An advocate of modern science and political teaching, rather than the strict classical education afforded by schools, he was dismissed from his post[4] and entered the Yunnan Military Academy in Kunming. There, he joined the Beiyang Army and the Tongmenghui secret political society (the forerunner of the Kuomintang).[10]
Nationalism and Warlordism
It was at the Yunnan Military Academy in Kunming, that Zhu first met Cai E (Tsai Ao).[11] He taught at the Academy after his graduation in July 1911.[12] Siding with the revolutionary forces after the Chinese Revolution, he joined Brigadier Cai E in the October 1911 expeditionary force that marched on Qing forces in Sichuan. He served as a regimental commander in the campaign to unseat Yuan Shikai in 1915-16. When Cai became governor of Sichuan after Yuan's death in June 1916, Zhu was made a brigade commander.[13]
Following the death of his mentor Cai E (November 1916) and of his first wife, Zhu developed a severe opium habit that afflicted him until 1922, when he underwent treatment in Shanghai.[14] His troops continued to support him, and so he consolidated his forces to become a warlord. In 1920, after his troops were driven from Sichuan toward the Tibetan border, he returned to Yunnan as a public security commissioner of the provincial government. Around this time, his second wife and child were murdered by rival warlords, which is believed to have contributed to his decision to leave China for study in Europe.[15] He first traveled to Shanghai where he broke his opium habit and, according to historians of the Kuomintang, met Dr Sun Yat-sen.[8] He attempted to join the Chinese Communist Party in early 1922, but was rejected due to his being a warlord.[16]
Converting to Communism
In late 1922, Zhu went to Berlin. He resided in Germany until 1925, studying at one point at Göttingen University.[17] Here he met Zhou Enlai and was expelled from Germany for his role in a number of student protests.[18] Around this time he joined the Communist Party of China; Zhou Enlai was one of his sponsors (having sponsors being a condition of probationary membership, the stage before actual membership).[19] In July 1925, after being expelled from Germany, he traveled to the Soviet Union to study military affairs and Marxism at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East, returning to China in July 1926 to unsuccessfully persuade Sichuan warlord Yang Sen to support the Northern Expedition.[17]
In 1927, following the collapse of the First United Front, Kuomintang authorities ordered Zhu to lead a force against Zhou Enlai and Liu Bocheng's Nanchang Uprising.[17] Having helped orchestrate the uprising, Zhu and his army defected from the Kuomintang. The uprising failed to gather support, however, and Zhu was forced to flee Nanchang with his army. Under the false name of Wang Kai, Zhu managed to find shelter for his remaining forces by joining the warlord Fan Shisheng. He was soon named head of a new First United Front military institute in Nanchang.
'Zhu-Mao'
Zhu's close affiliation with Mao Zedong began in 1928 when under the assistance of Chen Yi and Lin Biao, Zhu defected from Fan Shisheng's protection and marched his army of 10,000 men to Jiangxi and the Jinggang Mountains.[20] Here Mao had formed a soviet in 1927, and Zhu began building up his army into the Red Army, consolidating and expanding the Soviet areas of control.[21]
Zhu's leadership made him a figure of immense prestige; locals even credited him with supernatural abilities.[22] During this time Mao and Zhu became so closely connected that to the local peasant farmers they were known collectively as "Zhu-Mao" (homophonic to 猪毛, or pig's pelage).[23][24]
In 1929, Zhu and Mao were forced to flee Jinggangshan to Ruijin following Kuomintang military pressure.[25] Here they formed the Jiangxi Soviet, which would eventually grow to cover some 30,000 square kilometers (11,584 square miles) and include some three million people.[26] In 1931, Zhu was appointed leader of the Red Army in Ruijin by the CPC leadership.[27] Zhu successfully led a conventional military force against the Kuomintang in the lead up to the Fourth Counter Encirclement Campaign;[28] However, he was not able to do the same during the Fifth Counter Encirclement Campaign and the CPC fled.[29] Zhu helped form the 1934 break-out that began the Long March.[30]
Red Army leader
During the Long March, Zhu and Zhou Enlai organized certain battles in tandem. There were few positive effects since the real power was in the hands of Bo Gu and Otto Braun. In the Zunyi Conference, Zhu supported Mao Zedong’s criticisms of Bo and Braun.[31] After the conference, Zhu cooperated with Mao and Zhou on military affairs. In July 1935, Zhu and Liu Bocheng were with the Fourth Red Army while Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai with the First Red Army.[32][33] When separation between the two divisions occurred, Zhu was forced by Zhang Guotao, the leader of Fourth Red Army, to go south.[34] The Fourth Red Army barely survived the retreat through Sichuan Province. Arriving in Yan'an, Zhu directed the reconstruction of the Red Army under the political guidance of Mao.[35]
During the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War, he held the position of Commander-in-Chief of the Red Army[36] and, in 1940, Zhu, alongside Peng Dehuai, devised and organized the Hundred Regiments Offensive. Initially, Mao supported this offensive.[37] While a successful campaign, Mao later attributed it as the main provocation for the devastating Japanese Three Alls Policy later and used it to criticize Peng at the Lushan Conference.[38]
Later life
In 1949 Zhu was named Commander-in-Chief of the People's Liberation Army (PLA);it is in this way posterity regards him as a principal founder of the PLA.[39] He also served as the Vice-Chairman of the Communist Party (1956–1966) and Vice-Chairman of the People's Republic of China (1954–1959).[40] Zhu oversaw the PLA during the Korean War within his authority as Commander-in-Chief.[41] In 1955, he was conferred to the rank of marshal.[42] At the Lushan Conference, he tried to protect Peng Dehuai, by giving some mild criticisms of Peng; rather than denouncing him, he merely gently reproofed his targeted comrade, who was a target of Mao Zedong. Mao wasn't satisfied with Zhu De's behavior.[43] After the conference, Zhu was dismissed from vice chairmen of Central Military Commission, not in least part due to his loyalty for the fallen Peng.[36]
In April 1969, during the summit of the Cultural Revolution, Zhu was dismissed from his position on the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China, and the activity of the National People's Congress was halted.[44] However, due to the support of Zhou Enlai, he was not harmed or imprisoned. In August 1969, Lin Biao issued a command that dispatched important martial figures to distant areas due to the tension between China and Soviet Union, and Zhu De was driven to Guangzhou. In 1973 Zhu was reinstated in the Standing Committee.[45]
He continued to be a prominent elder statesman until his death on 6 July 1976.[46] His passing came six months after the death of Zhou Enlai,[47] and just two months before the death of Mao Zedong.[48] Zhu was cremated three days later, and received a funeral days afterwards.[49][50] During a "Strike Hard" anti-crime campaign in 1983, one of Zhu's grandsons, Guohua, was sentenced to death due to a rape conviction in Tianjin.[51]
Personal life
Zhu De was married four times, according to the unfinished biography written by Agnes Smedley. His first two wives were educated women to whom he was introduced by brothers who were fellow officers in the Yunan Army. They were:
- Hsiai Chu-fen, married in 1912. She died of a fever in 1916 after bearing him a son.[52]
- Chen Yu-chen, married in 1916. Killed by the Kuomintang in 1935. Zhu's only child, son of the first wife, vanished and is presumed also to have been killed.[53]
Zhu viewed himself as separated from Chen Yu-chen after leaving her 1922. He felt free to marry again, though there had been no formal divorce.
- Wu Yu-lan, married in 1928. A peasant leader from an educated family. Captured and killed by the Kuomintang in 1929. [54]
- Kang Keqing, also knowns as K'ang K'e-ching or Kang Keh-chin. Also a peasant leader, but not educated before she joined the Red Army. Outlived him and was famous in her own right.[55]
See also
- Eighth Route Army
- History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)
- List of officers of the People's Liberation Army
References
Citations
- ↑ Snow, Edgar (1968). Red Star Over China. Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-5093-6.
- ↑ "朱德的祖籍家世".
- ↑ "朱德故乡成为客家文化发掘焦点".
- 1 2 "朱德《母亲的回忆》英译". 4 June 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
- ↑ Smedley, The Great Road, p. 14 and 23.
- ↑ Smedley, The Great Road, p. 14
- ↑ Mao.
- 1 2 "Zhu De". chineseposters.net.
- ↑ Shum Kui-kwong, Zhu-De (Chu Teh), University of Queensland Press (St. Lucia: 1982), p. 2-3.
- ↑ "The Manchu Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), Internal Threats". Countries Quest. Retrieved 26 September 2011. Tongmenghui
- ↑ Provincial Patriots.
- ↑ "V26N2 - Personality Profile: Zhu De [Chu Teh]". mindef.gov.sg.
- ↑ Shum Kui-kwong, Zhu-De (Chu Teh), University of Queensland Press (St. Lucia: 1982), p. 3-4.
- ↑ Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Military History.
- ↑ Zhu De and his Marriages
- ↑ Shum Kui-kwong, Zhu-De (Chu Teh), University of Queensland Press (St. Lucia: 1982), p. 4-5.
- 1 2 3 William W. Whitson, Huang Chen-hsia, The Chinese High Command: A History of Communist Military Politics, 1927-1971, Praeger Publishers: New York, 1973, p. 30f.
- ↑ Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Military History.
- ↑ 马玉佳. "The legacy of overseas study for China's early leaders: Zhu De". china.org.cn.
- ↑ Mao's Road to Power: From the Jinggangshan to the establishment of the ...
- ↑ Daniel Morley. "The Chinese Communist Party 1927-37 – The development of Maoism – Part Six". In Defence of Marxism.
- ↑ Zhu De Early History Profile
- ↑ Bianco, Lucien (1957). Origins of the Chinese Revolution, 1915-1949. Stanford Press. p. 64, note 10.
- ↑ http://chineseposters.net/themes/zhude.php Zhu De Biography
- ↑ "Ruijin Revolutionary Memorial". chinaculture.org.
- ↑ "The Jiangxi Soviet". Chinese Revolution.
- ↑ Mao's Road to Power - Revolutionary Writings, 1912-1949.
- ↑ Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Military History.
- ↑ Mao.
- ↑ "The Long March 1934 to 1935". historylearningsite.co.uk.
- ↑ Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and the Evolution of the Chinese Communist Leadership.
- ↑ New Fourth Army.
- ↑ "Chinese Revolution". Chinese Revolution.
- ↑ Battle of Baizhangguan Pass
- ↑ CCTV Eyewitnesses to history: Yan'an
- 1 2 "Zhu De". Encyclopedia Britannica.
- ↑ Biographical Dictionary of the People's Republic of China. google.com.
- ↑ Mao Zedong as Poet and Revolutionary Leader.
- ↑ Distant Water.
- ↑ Zhu De Concurrent Positions
- ↑ "Zhu De". Answers.com.
- ↑ "Marshal of People's Liberation Army: Zhu De". chinadaily.com.cn.
- ↑ Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Military History.
- ↑ "共产党新闻网—资料中心—历次党代会". people.com.cn.
- ↑ 陈霞. "The Tenth National Congress (Aug. 1973)". china.org.cn.
- ↑ "Zhu De Death". chinadaily.com.cn.
- ↑ "Three Chinese Leaders: Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, and Deng Xiaoping - Asia for Educators - Columbia University". columbia.edu.
- ↑ "BBC ON THIS DAY - 9 - 1976: Chairman Mao Zedong dies". bbc.co.uk.
- ↑ Encyclopedia of Cremation.
- ↑ http://politics.ntu.edu.tw/RAEC/comm2/InterviewItaly%20Sauro%20Angelini%20English.pdf Sauro Angelini Interview
- ↑ "朱德儿媳妇：我儿子被判死刑（图） /向前进". boxun.com.
- ↑ Smedley, The Great Road, p. 106
- ↑ Smedley, The Great Road, p. 122 and 314
- ↑ Smedley, The Great Road, p. 223-4
- ↑ Smedley, The Great Road, p. 272-3
Sources
- English sources
- Agnes Smedley, The Great Road: The Life and Times of Chu Teh (Monthly Review Press, New York and London 1956)
- Nym Wales (Helen Foster Snow), Inside Red China (New York: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc., 1939)
- Edgar O’Ballance, The Red Army of China: A Short History (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., 1963)
- William W. Whitson, The Chinese High Command: A History of Communist Military Politics, 1927-71 (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1973)
- Chinese sources
- Liu Xuemin, Hong jun zhi fu: Zhu De zhuan (Father of the Red Army: Biography of Zhu De) (Beijing: Jiefangjun Chubanshe, 2000)
- Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiu shibian, Zhu De Zhuan (Biography of Zhu De) (Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 2000)
- Liu Xuemin, Wang Fa’an, and Xiao Sike, Zhu De Yuanshi (Marshal Zhu De) (Beijing: Jiefangjun wenshu chubanshe, 2006)
- Zhu De guju jinianguan, Renmin de guangrong Zhu De (Glory of the People: Zhu De) (Chengdu: Sichuan renmin chubanshe, 2006).
External links
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| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| New title | Vice President of the People's Republic of China 1954–1959 |
Succeeded by Dong Biwu and Soong Ching-ling |
| Preceded by Liu Shaoqi |
Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress 1959–1976 |
Succeeded by Soong Ching-ling Acting |
| Preceded by Dong Biwu as Acting President of the People's Republic of China |
Head of State of the People's Republic of China (as Chairman of the NPC Standing Committee) 1975–1976 | |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by Xiang Ying |
Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the Chinese Soviet Republic 1931–1936 |
Succeeded by Mao Zedong |
| New title | Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 1949–1955 |
Succeeded by Dong Biwu |
| Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China Served alongside: Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, Chen Yun, Lin Biao 1956–1966 |
Succeeded by Lin Biao | |
| Military offices | ||
| New title | Commander-in-Chief of the People's Liberation Army 1949–1954 |
Succeeded by Peng Dehuai as Minister of National Defense |
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