Z1 (computer)

Replica of the Z1 in the German Museum of Technology in Berlin

The Z1 was a mechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse from 1935 to 1936 and built by him from 1936 to 1938. It was a binary electrically driven mechanical calculator with limited programmability, reading instructions from punched celluloid film.

The Z1 was the first freely programmable computer in the world which used Boolean logic and binary floating point numbers, however it was unreliable in operation.[1][2] It was completed in 1938 and financed completely from private funds. This computer was destroyed in the bombardment of Berlin in December 1943, during World War II, together with all construction plans.

The Z1 was the first in a series of computers that Zuse designed. Its original name was "V1" for VersuchsModell 1 (meaning Experimental Model 1). After WW2, it was renamed "Z1" to differentiate from the flying bombs designed by Robert Lusser.[3] The Z2 and Z3 were follow-ups based on many of the same ideas as the Z1.

Design

Diagrams from Zuse's May 1936 patent for a binary switching element using a mechanism of flat sliding rods. The Z1 was based on such elements.

The Z1 contained almost all parts of a modern computer, i.e. control unit, memory, micro sequences, floating-point logic and input-output devices. The Z1 was freely programmable via punched tape and a punched tape reader.[4] There was a clear separation between the punched tape reader, the control unit for supervising the whole machine and the execution of the instructions, the arithmetic unit, and the input and output devices. The input tape unit read perforations in 35-millimeter film.[5]

The Z1 was a 22-bit floating point value adder and subtracter, with some control logic to make it capable of more complex operations such as multiplication (by repeated additions) and division (by repeated subtractions). The Z1's instruction set had nine instructions and it took between one and twenty cycles per instruction.

The Z1 had a 64-word floating point memory, where each word of memory could be read from – and written to – by the control unit. The mechanical memory units were unique in their design and were patented by Konrad Zuse in 1936. The machine was only capable of executing instructions while reading from the punched tape reader, so the program itself was not loaded in its entirety into internal memory in advance.

The input and output were in decimal numbers, with a decimal exponent and the units had special machinery for converting these to and from binary numbers. The input and output instructions would be read or written as floating point numbers. The program tape was 35 mm film with the instructions encoded in punched holes.

"Zuse managed to implement exception handling using just a few relays. This feature of the Z3 is one of the most elegant in the whole design."[4]

Construction

"Z1 was a machine of about 1000 kg weight, which consisted from some 20000 parts. It was a programmable computer, based on binary floating point numbers and a binary switching system. It consisted completely of thin metal sheets, which Kuno and his friends produced using a jigsaw."[6] "The [data] input device was a keyboard...The Z1’s programs (Zuse called them Rechenplans) were stored on punch tapes by means of a 8-bit code"[6]

Construction of the Z1 was privately financed. Zuse got money from his parents, his sister Lieselotte, some students of the fraternity AV Motiv (cf. Helmut Schreyer) and Kurt Pannke (a calculating machines manufacturer in Berlin) to do so.

Zuse constructed the Z1 in his parents' apartment; in fact, he was allowed to use the living room for his construction. In 1936, Zuse quit his job in airplane construction in order to build the Z1.

Zuse is said to have used "thin metal strips" and perhaps "metal cylinders" or glass plates to construct Z1. There were probably no commercial relays in it (although the Z3 is said to have used a few telephone relays). The only electrical unit was an electric motor to give the clock frequency of 1 Hz (cycle per second) to the machine.

"The relays [in the data storage memory unit] appear to consist of a number of thin strips of metal lying between two plates of glass, not more than a quarter of an inch apart. Strips running in one direction through this layer represent the 16 cells, each containing one numerical quantity, while those in the perpendicular direction represent the individual digits, etc., of each cell. Motion of the strips is controlled by electromagnetic relays that engage or disengage individual strips with an arm providing mechanical impulses at regular intervals. It would appear that motion of a particular strip representing a chosen cell exposes other moving parts, corresponding to each digit position in the cell, to the motion communicated by the various transverse digit strips. The whole mechanism appeared quite compact and simple; however, detailed examination or description was denied."[7]

'The memory was constructed from thin strips of slotted metal and small pins, and proved faster, smaller, and more reliable, than relays. The Z2 used the mechanical memory of the Z1, but used relay-based arithmetic. The Z3 was experimentally built entirely of relays. The Z4 was the first attempt at a commercial computer, reverting to the faster and more economical mechanical slotted metal strip memory, with relay processing, of the Z2, but the war interrupted the Z4 development.'[8]

The Z1 was never very reliable in operation due to poor synchronization due to internal and external stresses on the mechanical parts.

Reconstruction

Reconstruction of Z1

The original Z1 was destroyed by the Allied air raids in 1943, but in 1986 Zuse decided to rebuild the machine. He constructed thousands of elements of the Z1 again, and finished rebuilding the device in 1989. The rebuilt Z1 (pictured) is displayed at the German Museum of Technology in Berlin.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Priestley, Mark (2011). A Science of Operations: Machines, Logic and the Invention of Programming. Springer. ISBN 978-1-84882-554-3.
  2. ↑ Rojas, Raúl (Spring 2006). "The Zuse Computers". RESURRECTION The Bulletin of the Computer Conservation Society (37). ISSN 0958-7403.
  3. ↑ OBITUARY : Konrad Zuse - People - News - The Independent
  4. 1 2 "Konrad Zuse's Legacy: The Architecture of the Z1 and Z3" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 19 (2): 5–15. 1997. doi:10.1109/85.586067.
  5. ↑ "History of the Computer", G. A. Erskine, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
  6. 1 2 Konrad Zuse - the first relay computer, History of Computers article
  7. ↑ Section of an undated article published by the American Mathematical Society
  8. ↑ Who Made the First Computer, Chris Malcolm, 2000

Further reading

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