Yegor Gaidar

Yegor Gaidar
Егор Тимурович Гайдар
Gaidar in 2008.
Prime Minister of Russia
In office 15 June 1992 – 15 December 1992 Acting
President	Boris Yeltsin
Preceded by	Boris Yeltsin
Succeeded by	Viktor Chernomyrdin
First Deputy Prime Minister of Russia
In office 18 September 1993 – 20 January 1994 Serving with Vladimir Shumeyko Oleg Soskovets Boris Fyodorov
President	Boris Yeltsin
Prime Minister	Viktor Chernomyrdin
Preceded by	Vladimir Shumeyko
Succeeded by	Oleg Lobov
In office 2 March 1992 – 15 December 1992
Prime Minister	Boris Yeltsin Himself as Acting Prime minister
Preceded by	Gennady Burbulis
Succeeded by	Vladimir Shumeyko
1st Minister of Economy and Finance of the RSFSR
In office 11 November 1991 – 19 February 1992
President	Boris Yeltsin
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Position abolished
1st Minister of Finance of Russia
In office 19 February 1992 – 2 April 1992
President	Boris Yeltsin
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Vasily Barchuk
Chairman of Democratic Choice of Russia
In office 1994–2001
Personal details
Born	Yegor Timurovich Gaidar (1956-03-19)19 March 1956 Moscow, RSFSR, Soviet Union
Died	16 December 2009(2009-12-16) (aged 53)[1] Odintsovo raion, Moscow Oblast, Russia
Political party	Union of Rightist Forces (2001—2008)
Other political affiliations	Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1980—1991) Democratic Choice of Russia (1994—2001)
Spouse(s)	Irina Smirnova (div.) Maria Strugatskaya
Children	Peter Gadair Maria Paul Gadair
Alma mater	Lomonosov Moscow State University
Signature

Yegor Timurovich Gaidar (Russian: Его́р Тиму́рович Гайда́р; pronounced [jɪˈɡor tʲɪˈmurəvʲɪtɕ ɡɐjˈdar]; 19 March 1956 – 16 December 2009)^[1] was a Soviet and Russian economist, politician, and author, and was the Acting Prime Minister of Russia from 15 June 1992 to 14 December 1992.

He was the architect of the controversial shock therapy reforms administered in Russia after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, which brought him both praise and harsh criticism. He participated in the preparation of the Bialowieza agreements. Many Russians held him responsible for the economic hardships that plagued the country in the 1990s that resulted in mass poverty and hyperinflation among other things, although liberals praised him as a man who did what had to be done to save the country from complete collapse.^[2] Jeffrey Sachs, director of Columbia University's Earth Institute, who advised the Russian government in the early 1990s, called Gaidar "the intellectual leader of many of Russia's political and economic reforms" and "one of the few pivotal actors" of the period.^[3]

Gaidar died of pulmonary edema, provoked by myocardial ischemia^[4] on 16 December 2009.

Personal life

Gaidar was born in 1956 in Moscow, RSFSR, Soviet Union, the son of Ariadna Bazhova^[5] and Pravda military correspondent Timur Gaidar, who fought in the Bay of Pigs Invasion and was a friend of Raúl Castro. His paternal grandfather was Soviet writer Arkady Gaidar and his maternal grandfather was writer Pavel Bazhov.^[6] Gaidar married the daughter of writer Arkady Strugatsky during his time at the university.^[6] His daughter, Maria Gaidar, was one of the leaders of the Russian democratic opposition. From July 2009 till June 2011 she was Deputy Chair of the Government of Kirov oblast.^[7][8] Since July 2015 she is a vice-governor of Odessa Oblast in Ukraine.^[8]

Career

Gaidar graduated with honors from the Moscow State University, Faculty of Economics, in 1978 and worked as a researcher in several academic institutes. A long-time member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and an editor of the CPSU ideological journal Communist during the perestroika, he joined Boris Yeltsin's camp during Perestroika. In 1991 he quit the Communist Party and was promoted to Yeltsin's government.

While in government, Gaidar advocated free market economic reforms according to the principle of shock therapy. His best-known decision was to abolish price regulation by the state, which immediately resulted in a major increase in prices and amounted to officially authorizing a market economy in Russia. He also cut military procurement and industrial subsidies, and reduced the budget deficit. Gaidar was the First Vice-Premier of the Russian Government and Minister of Economics from 1991 until 1992, and Minister of Finance from February 1992 until April 1992.

He was appointed Acting Prime Minister under President Boris Yeltsin in 1992 from 15 June until 14 December, when the anti-Yeltsin Russian Congress of People's Deputies refused to confirm Gaidar in this position and Viktor Chernomyrdin was eventually chosen as a compromise figure. Gaidar continued to advise the new government. On 18 September 1993, he was again appointed the First Vice-Premier under Chernomyrdin as a deliberate snub to the opposition. He played an active role in the Russian constitutional crisis of 1993.

On 3 October, he famously spoke live on Russian television, then broadcasting from an emergency station near Moscow, as there was fighting going on in the Ostankino complex, calling on Muscovites to gather to defend Yeltsin's government so that Russia would not be "turned into an enournmous concentration camp for decades".^[9]

In the 1993 Duma elections, in the aftermath of the crisis, Gaidar led the pro-government bloc Russia's Choice and was seen by some as a possible future Prime Minister. However, due to the bloc's failure to win the plurality of votes in the election, Gaidar's role in the government diminished and he finally resigned on 20 January 1994.

Gaidar in the early 1990s.

During 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia Yegor Gaidar, Boris Nemtsov and Boris Fyodorov were in Belgrade, Yugoslavia on a mediation mission.^[10]

Reforms controversy

Gaidar was often criticized for imposing ruthless reforms in 1992 with little care for their social impact. Many of Gaidar's economic reforms led to serious deterioration in living standards. Millions of Russians were thrown into poverty due to their savings being devalued by massive hyperinflation. Moreover, the privatization and break-up of state assets left over from the Soviet Union, which he played a big part in, led to much of the country's wealth being handed to a small group of powerful business executives, later known as the Russian oligarchs, for much less than what they were worth. The voucher privatization program enabled these few oligarchs to become billionaires specifically by arbitraging the vast difference between old domestic prices for Russian commodities and the prices prevailing on the world market. Because they stashed billions of dollars in Swiss bank accounts rather than investing in the Russian economy, these oligarchs were dubbed "kleptocrats."^[11] As society grew to despise these figures and resent the economic and social turmoil caused by the reforms, Gaidar was often held by Russians as one of the men most responsible.^[12][13]

One of Gaidar's most outspoken critics was the Yabloko economist and MP Grigory Yavlinsky, who had proposed since 1990 a 500 Days programme for the transition of the whole USSR to market economic, which was first backed and then dismissed by the government of Nikolai Ryzhkov. Yavlinsky emphasized the differences between his and Gaidar's reforms program, such as the sequencing of privatization vs. liberalization of prices and the applicability of his program to the entire Soviet Union.

Gaidar's supporters contend that although many mistakes were made, he had few choices in the matter and ultimately saved the country both from bankruptcy and from starvation. According to the BBC's Andrei Ostalski, "There were only two solutions – either introduce martial law and severe rationing, or radically liberalize the economy. The first option meant going all the way back to the Stalinist system of mass repression. The second meant a colossal change, a journey – or, rather, a race – through uncharted waters with an unpredictable outcome."^[14]

Death

Gaidar died at the age of 53 in Odintsovo raion, Moscow Oblast, Russia.^[15] Gaidar's aide Valery Natarov stated that Gaidar died unexpectedly, early on 16 December 2009, at his Moscow Oblast home while he was working on a book^[16] for children. Gaidar died of pulmonary edema, provoked by myocardial ischemia.^[4] He is survived by his wife, three sons and daughter.^[17]

Former associates acknowledged Gaidar as an object of loathing among ordinary Russians who lost everything during the economic liberalization. However, many Russian citizens praised Gaidar as a man who averted greater catastrophes. "He stood before the choice of civil war or painful reforms", Boris Nemtsov, a former deputy prime minister under Yeltsin, told the Ekho Moskvy radio station. "He gave his life to avert civil war."^[16]

Anatoly Chubais, the minister responsible for privatization in the early 1990s, who considers himself a friend of Gaidar, praised Gaidar as Russia's "savior". "It was Russia's huge good fortune that in one of the worst moments in its history it had Yegor Gaidar. In the early 1990s he saved the country from famine, civil war and disintegration", Chubais wrote in his blog. "Few people in the history of Russia and in world history can be compared with him for force of intellect, clarity of understanding of the past, present and future, and a willingness to take the most difficult but necessary decisions", wrote Chubais.^[17]

Former Deputy Minister of Fuel and Energy of Russia Mikhail Khodorkovsky and Platon Lebedev expressed their condolences.^[18][19] "He laid the foundation of our economy".^[20]

Russian President Dmitry Medvedev has expressed condolences to relatives and friends of Yegor Gaidar.^[21][22] Medvedev called Gaidar a "daring, honest and decisive" economist who "evoked respect among his supporters and opponents."^[23] Gaidar was a brave, honest, and determined man, who "assumed responsibility for unpopular but essential measures in a period of radical change," the president said.^[24]

Sculptural composition on Yegor Gaidar's grave. Moskow, Novodevichy Cemetery. Sculptor А.V. Balashov.

"The death of Gaidar is a heavy loss for Russia," says Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin.^[25] "We have lost a genuine citizen and patriot, a strong spirited person, a talented scientist, writer and expert.... He didn't dodge responsibility and 'took the punch' in the most challenging situations with honor and courage," the statement said.^[23]

The White House offered condolences over Gaidar's death. Although controversial, Gaidar's legacy formed the foundation of a dynamic market-based economy and is destined to live on, U.S. National Security Council spokesman Mike Hammer said. Hammer described him as a top-notch intellectual, a true Russian patriot and a leading brain behind Russia’s political and economic reforms in the past two decades.^[26]

Gaidar Forum

In honor of Yegor Gaidar, each year in mid-January the Russian Presidency holds a conference that attracts the Russian political and business elite, with top European politicians also attending. The 2014 Forum was hosted by Dmitry Medvedev, with presentations by former Czech President Vaclav Klaus, former Italian Prime Minister Mario Monti, and former Bulgarian Deputy Prime Minister Simeon Djankov. The Gaidar Forum is organized the week before Davos and thus also serves to formulate the Russian positions on a variety of topics.

Academic and political positions

Positions held

• Director of the Institute for Economy in Transition^[27]
• Executive Vice-President of the International Democratic Union (Conservative International)
• Steering Committee member "Arrabida Meetings" (Portugal)
• Member of the Baltic Sea Cooperation Council under the Prime-Minister of Sweden
• Member of the Editorial Board of "Vestnik Evropy" (Moscow)
• Member of the Advisory Board of the "Acta Oeconomica" (Budapest)
• Member of the Advisory Board of the CASE Foundation (Warsaw)
• Member of the International Advisory Board of the Moscow School of Management SKOLKOVO^[28] (Moscow)

Honorary positions

• Honorary Professor, University of California, Berkeley
• Terry Sanford Distinguished Lecturer, Duke University
• Honorary Academy member of the Ukrainian Academy of Management
• Honorary Director, Russia-Ukraine Institute for Personnel and Management

Bibliography

• Collapse of an Empire: Lessons for Modern Russia, by Yegor Gaidar, Brookings Institution Press (17 October 2007), ISBN 0-8157-3114-0.
• Russian Reform / International Money (Lionel Robbins Lectures) by Yegor Gaidar and Karl Otto Pöhl (Hardcover – 6 July 1995)
• Days of Defeat and Victory (Jackson School Publications in International Studies) by E. T. Gaidar, Yegor Gaidar, Michael McFaul, and Jane Ann Miller (Dec 1999)
• State and Evolution: Russia's Search for a Free Market by E. T. Gaidar, Yegor Gaidar, and Jane Ann Miller (Hardcover – Aug 2003)
• The Economics of Russian Transition by Yegor Gaidar (15 August 2002)
• Ten Years of Russian Economic Reform by Sergei Vasiliev and Yegor Gaidar (25 March 1999)
• Russia: A Long View, by Yegor Gaidar (Author), Antonina W. Bouis (Translator), Anders Aslund (Foreword), The MIT Press (October 12, 2012), ISBN 0-2620-1741-5.

See also

• Leszek Balcerowicz - architect of the shock therapy reforms in Poland.

References

External links

• Yegor Gaidar's home page
• Speech, explaining the underlying reasons for the dissolution of the Soviet Union
• Interview in 2000 with Boston radio
• Gaidar, acting Russian PM under Yeltsin, dies
• Yegor Gaidar – Daily Telegraph obituary

Heads of government of Russia
note: Acting chairmen shown in italics. Questionable Heads of Government are written in small type.
Russian Empire	Supreme Privy Council Menshikov Apraksin Golovkin Osterman Dmitry Mikhailovich Golitsyn Tolstoy Karl Fridrikh Golsteyn-Gottorpsky Alexey Grigoryevich Dolgorukov Vasily Lukich Dolgorukov Vasily Vladimirovich Dolgorukov Mikhail Mikhailovich Golitsyn Cabinet ministers Golovkin Osterman Minikh Osterman Conferency ministers Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin Mikhail Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin Mikhail Mikhailovich Golitsyn Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin Buturlin Peter Ivanovich Shuvalov Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov Trubetskoy Alexander Shuvalov Romanov Shakhovskoy Neplyuyev Roman Illarionovich Vorontsov Imperial Council Georg Lyudwig Golshteyn-Gottorpsky Golsteyn-Beksky Minikh Trubetskoy M.I. Vorontsov Vilbua Volkonsky Melgunov Council Affairs Strekalov Samoylov Veydemeyer Derzhavin Veydemeyer Committee of Ministers Vorontsov Rumyantsev Vyazmitinov Nikolay Ivanovich Saltykov Lopukhin Kochubey Novosiltsev Vasilchikov Levashov Chernyshov Orlov Bludov Gagarin Ignatyev Valuyev Reytern Bunge Durnovo Witte Goremykin Stolypin Kokovtsov Kokovtsov Goremykin Styurmer Trepov Golitsyn
Russian Republic	Lvov Kerensky
Russian SFSR	Lenin Rykov Syrtsov Sulimov Bulganin Vakhrushev Khokhlov Kosygin Rodionov Chernousov Puzanov Yasnov Kozlov Polyansky Voronov Solomentsev Vorotnikov Vlasov Silayev Lobov Yeltsin
Soviet Union	Lenin Rykov Molotov Stalin Malenkov Bulganin Khrushchev Kosygin Tikhonov Ryzhkov Pavlov Silayev
Russian Federation	Yeltsin Gaidar Chernomyrdin Kiriyenko Chernomyrdin Primakov Stepashin Putin Kasyanov Khristenko Fradkov Zubkov Putin Medvedev
Council of Ministers of Russia   Heads of Government   Premiers of the USSR