Ye Jianying

Marshal Ye Jianying
叶剑英
Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
In office 5 March 1978 – 18 June 1983
President	abolished
Preceded by	Soong Ching-ling (acting)
Succeeded by	Peng Zhen
Head of State of the People's Republic of China as Chairman of the NPCSC
In office 5 March 1978 – 16 May 1981
Premier	Hua Guofeng Zhao Ziyang
Leader	Hua Guofeng Deng Xiaoping
Preceded by	Soong Ching-ling (as chairman of the NPCSC)
Succeeded by	Soong Ching-ling (as honorary president)
In office 28 May 1981 – 18 June 1983
Premier	Zhao Ziyang
Leader	Deng Xiaoping
Preceded by	Soong Ching-ling (as honorary president)
Succeeded by	Li Xiannian (as president)
Minister of National Defense of the People's Republic of China
In office 17 January 1975 – 26 February 1978
Premier	Zhou Enlai Hua Guofeng
Preceded by	Lin Biao
Succeeded by	Xu Xiangqian
Member of the National People's Congress
In office 15 September 1954 – 6 June 1983
Constituency	Guangdong At-large (54-59) PLA At-large (59-83)
1st Mayor of Guangzhou
In office 1949–1952
Preceded by	Position Created
Succeeded by	He Wei
Marshal of People's Liberation Army
In office 1965–1986
Preceded by	Postion Created
Succeeded by	Postion Abolished
Personal details
Born	(1897-04-28)28 April 1897 Mei County, Guangdong
Died	22 October 1986(1986-10-22) (aged 89) Beijing
Political party	Communist Party of China
Alma mater	Whampoa Military Academy
Awards	Order of Bayi (First Class Medal) Order of Independence and Freedom (First Class Medal) Order of Liberation (First Class Medal)

Ye Jianying (simplified Chinese: 叶剑英; traditional Chinese: 葉劍英; pinyin: Yè Jiànyīng; Wade–Giles: Yeh Chien-ying; Jyutping: Yip Gim-ying; 28 April 1897 – 22 October 1986) was a Chinese communist general, Marshal of the People's Liberation Army. As the chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress from 1978 to 1983, Ye was the head of state of the People's Republic of China.

Life

Born Ye Yiwei (simplified Chinese: 叶宜伟; traditional Chinese: 葉宜偉; pinyin: Yè Yíwěi; Wade–Giles: Yeh I-wei) into a wealthy Christian Hakka merchant family in Mei County, Guangdong his courtesy name was Cangbai (滄白). After graduation from the Yunnan Military Academy in 1919, he joined Sun Yat-sen and the Kuomintang (KMT). He taught at the Whampoa Military Academy, and in 1927 joined the Communist Party.

That year, he participated in the failed Nanchang Uprising and was forced to flee to Hong Kong with two other uprising leaders, Zhou Enlai and Ye Ting (unrelated to Ye Jianying), with only a pair of handguns to share between them. Shortly after, he faithfully carried out his assigned duties during the Guangzhou Uprising, although he had been opposed to it; upon this uprising's failure he was once again obliged to flee to Hong Kong with Ye Ting and Nie Rongzhen. However, Ye was far more fortunate than Ye Ting, who was made a scapegoat for the Comintern's failures and forced into exile. Ye was not blamed, and subsequently studied military science in Moscow.

After returning to China in 1932 he joined the Jiangxi Soviet, serving as Chief of Staff of Zhang Guotao's Fourth Front Army. However, after Zhang's fighters met up with Mao Zedong's force during the Long March, the two leaders disagreed on the subsequent move of the Chinese Red Army. Zhang insisted on turning southward to establish a new base in the regions inhabited by Tibetan and Qiang minorities. (This later proved to be a disaster, as Mao had anticipated, with Zhang losing over 75% of his men and retreating to the Communist base at Shaanxi.) During the two leaders' disagreement, Ye – though he was Zhang's Chief of Staff – sided with Mao; and instead of supporting Zhang unconditionally as he had during the Guangzhou Uprising, Ye absconded to Mao's headquarters with Zhang's code books and maps. As a result, Zhang's communications with Comintern were cut, while Mao was able to establish a radio link, leading to Comintern's acceptance of Mao's leadership in the Communist Party of China. Mao would never forget the Ye's contribution, observing later that "Ye Jianying saved the (Chinese Communist) Party, the (Chinese) Red Army, and the (Chinese) Revolution".

During the Long March, Ye assisted Liu Bocheng in directing the crossing of the Yangtze River at Anshunchang and Luding Bridge. After 1936, Ye became director of the offices that liaised with the KMT, first in Xi'an, then in Nanjing and finally in Chongqing. He worked together with Zhou Enlai in this capacity.

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, Ye was placed in charge of Guangdong, which was to cost him his political career under Mao's reign. Ye understood that the economic conditions in Canton were very different from those in the rest of China, since most Cantonese landlords were peasants themselves who participated in production without exploiting their tenants. He therefore declined to dispossess the landlords, and instead protected their businesses and land. However, Ye's policies contradicted the general directives of the Party-mandated land reform, which emphasized class struggle. His policies deemed too soft, Ye and his local cadres were soon replaced by Lin Biao's, and a much harsher policy was implemented, with Ye's political career effectively over.

However, Mao did not forget what Ye had done for him during the Long March, and thus removed him only from political posts while preserving his military positions. As a result, until 1968, Ye remained active in various military functions, having been made a marshal in 1955. Ye was clever in using his military influence to provide limited support and protection for reformers like Zhao Ziyang, and he was responsible for interfering with assassination attempts on Deng Xiaoping during the Cultural Revolution.

After Lin Biao was overthrown in 1971, Ye's influence grew, and in 1975 he was appointed Defense Minister, taking Lin Biao's post. From 1973, he was also a Vice Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.

He led the conspiracy of generals and Party elders that overthrew Jiang Qing and the Gang of Four; during initial planning at his residence, he and Li Xiannian communicated by writing, although they sat next to each other, because of the possibility of bugging.

Thanks to Ye's support of Chairman Hua Guofeng, he was confirmed as party vice-chairman at the Eleventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 1977. Because the physical demands of Defense Minister were too great for the octogenarian Ye, he resigned from that position in 1978 and was appointed Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, filling a post left unoccupied since Zhu De's death in 1976. As such, Ye was China's ceremonial Head of State. Ye retired from this position in 1983 and in 1985 he withdrew completely from the Politburo. He died a little over a year later at the age of 89.

Personal life

Ye married a total of six times. He had six children. His sons include Ye Xuanping (born 1924), Ye Xuanning (叶选宁,1938-2016), and Ye Xuanlian (叶选廉, born 1952). Ye's granddaughter Robynn Yip (born 1986), daughter of Xuanlian, is a professional musician based in Hong Kong.

See also

• List of officers of the People's Liberation Army

Notes

Ten Marshals of the People's Republic of China
	Zhu De Peng Dehuai Lin Biao Liu Bocheng He Long Chen Yi Luo Ronghuan Xu Xiangqian Nie Rongzhen Ye Jianying

Heads of state of the People's Republic of China
Common Program (1949–1954)	Chairman of the Central People's Government Mao Zedong
1954 Constitution (1954–1975)	Chairman Mao Zedong Liu Shaoqi Song Qingling and Dong Biwu (acting)
1975 & 1978 Constitutions (1975–1982)	NPCSC Chairman Zhu De Song Qingling (acting) Ye Jianying
1982 Constitution (1982–present)	President Li Xiannian Yang Shangkun Jiang Zemin Hu Jintao Xi Jinping
Xia → Shang → Zhou → Qin → Han → 3 Kingdoms → Jìn / 16 Kingdoms → S. Dynasties / N. Dynasties → Sui → Tang → 5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms - Liao / Song / W. Xia / Jīn → Yuan → Ming → Qing → ROC / PRC

Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
	Liu Shaoqi Zhu De Song Qingling (acting) Ye Jianying Peng Zhen Wan Li Qiao Shi Li Peng Wu Bangguo Zhang Dejiang