Xolotl

For other uses, see Xolotl (disambiguation).
Xolotl one of the deities described in the Codex Borgia.

In Aztec mythology, Xolotl ([ˈʃolot͡ɬ]) was the god with associations to both lightning and death. He was associated with the sunset and would guard the Sun as it traveled through the underworld every night. Dogs were associated with Xolotl. This deity and a dog were believed to lead the soul on its journey to the underworld.[1] He was commonly depicted as a monstrous dog. Xolotl was the god of fire and lightning.[2] He was also god of twins, monsters, misfortune, sickness, and deformities. Xolotl is the canine brother and twin of Quetzalcoatl,[3] the pair being sons of the virgin Coatlicue. He is the dark personification of Venus, the evening star, and was associated with heavenly fire.

Myths and functions

Xolotl statue displayed at the Museo Nacional de Antropología in Mexico City.
Codex Borbonicus (p. 16) Xolotl is depicted as a companion of the Setting Sun.[4] He is pictured with a knife in his mouth, a symbol of death.[5]

He is the sinister god of monstrosities who wears the spirally-twisted wind jewel and the ear ornaments of Quetzalcoatl.[6] His job was to protect the sun from the dangers of the underworld. As a double of Quetzalcoatl, he carries his conch-like ehecailacacozcatl or wind jewel. Xolotl accompanied Quetzalcoatl to Mictlan, the land of the death, or the underworld, to retrieve the bones from those who inhabited the previous world (Nahui Atl) to create new life for the present world, Nahui Ollin, the sun of movement. In a sense, this re-creation of life is reacted every night when Xolotl guides the sun through the underworld. In the tonalpohualli, Xolotl rules over day Ollin (movement) and over trecena 1-Cozcacuauhtli (vulture).[7]

His empty eye sockets are explained by the legend which says that in Teotihuacan the gods had decided to sacrifice themselves for the newly created sun. Xolotl withdrew from this sacrifice and wept so much his eyes came out of their sockets.[8] According to the creation recounted in the Florentine Codex , after the Fifth Sun was initially created, it did not move. Ehecatl ("God" of Wind) consequently began slaying all other "gods" to induce the newly created Sun into movement. Xolotl, however, was unwilling to die in order to give movement to the new Sun. Xolotl transformed himself into a young maize plant with two stalks (xolotl), a doubled maguey plant (mexolotl), and an amphibious animal (axolotl). Xolotl is thus a master transformer. In the end, Ehecatl nevertheless succeeded in finding and killing Xolotl.[9]

In art, Xolotl was typically depicted as a dog-headed man, a skeleton, or a deformed monster with reversed feet. An incense burner in the form of a skeletal canine depicts Xolotl.[10] As a psychopomp, Xolotl would guide the dead on their journey to Mictlan, the afterlife in myths. His two spirit animal forms are the Xoloitzcuintli dog and the water salamander species known as the Axolotl.[11] Xolos served as companions to the Aztecs in this life and also in the after-life, as many dog remains and dog sculptures have been found in Aztec burials, including some at the main temple in Tenochtitlan. Dogs were often victims of ritual sacrifice, so that they could accompany their master on his voyage through Mictlan, or the underworld.[12] Their main duty was to help their owners cross a deep river, and it is possible that dog sculptures also found in burials were also intended to help people on this journey. Xoloitzcuintli is the official name of the Mexican Hairless Dog (also known as perro pelón mexicano in Mexican Spanish), a pre-Columbian canine breed from Mesoamerica dating back to over 3500 years ago.[13] This is one of many native dog breeds in the Americas and it is often confused with the Peruvian Hairless Dog. The name "Xoloitzcuintli" references Xolotl because this dog's mission was to accompany the souls of the dead in their journey into eternity. The name "Axolotl" comes from "Nahuatl", the Aztec language. One translation of the name connects the Axolotl to Xolotl. The most common translation is "water-dog" . "Atl" for water and "Xolotl" for dog.[14]

In the Aztec calendar, the ruler of the day Itzcuintli (dog) is Mictlantecuhtli who is god of death and lord of Mictlan and the afterlife.[15]

Origin

Codex Borgia (p. 38) Xolotl with Xiuhcoatl "Fire Serpent"

The dog is sometimes depicted carrying a torch in the surviving Maya codices, which may reference the Maya tradition that the dog brought fire to mankind.[16] Xolotl seems to have affinities with the Zapotec and Maya lightning-dog and may represent the lightning which descends from the thundercloud, the flash, the reflection of which arouses in many primitive people the belief that lightning is "double", and leads them to suppose a connection between lightning and twins.[17]

Xolotl originated in the southern regions, and may represent fire rushing down from the heavens or light flaming up in the heavens.[18] Xolotl was originally the lightning beast of the Maya tribe, the dog.[8] The dog plays an important role in Maya manuscripts. He is the lightning beast, who darts from heaven with a torch in his hand.[19] Xolotl is represented directly as a dog, and is distinguished as the deity of air and of the four directions of the wind by Quetzalcoatl's breast ornament. There is therefore no doubt Xolotl is to be considered equivalent to the beast darting from heaven of the Maya manuscript.[20] The dog is the animal of the dead and therefore of the Place of Shadows.[17] In the Mayan codices, the dog is conspicuously associated with the god of death, storm, and lightning.[21]

Ollin and Xolotl

Stone sculpture representing the head of the Aztec god Xolotl. "An important figure within the rituals surrounding the god Quetzalcoatl is Xolotl, his twin, a peculiar god in the form of a dog, identifiable by the many wrinkles on the sacred canine and the two rectangular protuberances on its head, relating it with the heavenly fire."
Day symbol Ollin in Codex Borgia (p.10)

Eduard Seler associates Xolotl's portrayal as a dog with the belief that dogs accompany the souls of the dead to Mictlan. He finds further evidence of the association between Xolotl, dogs, death, and Mictlan in the fact that Mesoamericans viewed twins as unnatural monstrosities and consequently commonly killed one of the two twins shortly after birth. Seler speculates that Xolotl represents the murdered twin who dwells in the darkness of Mictlan, while Quetzalcoatl ("The Precious Twin") represents the surviving twin who dwells in the light of the sun.[9]

In manuscripts the setting sun, devoured by the earth, is opposite Xolotl's image.[22] Quetzalcoatl and Xolotl constitute the twin phases of Venus as the morning and evening star, respectively. Quetzalcoatl as the morning star acts as the harbinger of the Sun's rising (rebirth) every dawn, Xolotl as the evening star acts as the harbinger of the Sun's setting (death) every dusk. In this way they divide the single life-death process of cyclical transformation into its two phases: one leading from birth to death, the other from death to birth.[9]

Xolotl was the patron of the Mesoamerican ballgame. Some scholars argue the ballgame symbolizes the Sun's perilous and uncertain nighttime journey through the underworld.[9] Xolotl is able to help in the Sun's rebirth since he possesses the power to enter and exit the underworld.[9] In several of the manuscripts Xolotl is depicted striving at this game against other gods. For example, in the Codex Mendoza we see him playing with the moon-god, and can recognize him by the sign ollin which accompanies him, and by the gouged-out eye in which that symbol ends. Seler thinks "that the root of the name ollin suggested to Mexicans the motion of the rubber ball olli and, as a consequence, ball-playing."[23]

Ollin is pulsating, oscillating, and centering motion-change. It is typified by bouncing balls, pulsating hearts, labor contractions, earthquakes, flapping butterfly wings, the undulating motion of weft activities in weaving, and the oscillating path of the Fifth Sun over and under the surface of the earth. Ollin is the motion-change of cyclical completion.[24]

A jade statue of a skeletal Xolotl carrying a solar disc bearing an image of the Sun on his back[25][26] (called "the Night Traveler") succinctly portrays Xolotl's role in assisting the Sun through the process of death, gestation, and rebirth. Xolotl's association with ollin motion-change suggests proper completions and gestations must instantiate ollin motion-change. Ollin-shaped decomposition and integration (i.e., death) promote ollin-shaped composition and integration (i.e., rebirth and renewal).[9]

Nanahuatzin and Xolotl

Codex Borgia (p. 34) Xolotl sacrifices the rain god. Within the sanctuary of the Red Temple, the Sun is finally born. Against the background of a solid red disk, a warrior drills a fire on the chest of a figure laying down. From the smoke emerges a red solar deity with the wind jewel. Immediately to the right, the deity is enthroned in the temple. He now has canine claws, a canine mouth mask, the wind jewel, and a distended eye that identify him as the red Xolotl, he also carries the Sun on his back.[27]
Codex Borgia (p. 47) a dog Xolotl accompanies an anthropomorphic avatar of Xolotl.[28]

A close relationship between Xolotl and Nanahuatzin exists.[29] Xolotl is probably identical with Nanahuatl(Nanahuatzin).[30] Seler characterizes Nanahuatzin ("Little Pustule Covered One"), who is deformed by syphilis, as an aspect of Xolotl in his capacity as god of monsters, deforming diseases, and deformities.[9] The syphilitic god Nanahuatzin is an avatar of Xolotl.[31]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "Dog Effigy". The Walters Art Museum.
  2. ↑ Johns 2008 p. 25
  3. ↑ Milbrath 2013 p. 83
  4. ↑ Milbrath 2013 p. 84
  5. ↑ Neumann 1975 p. 16
  6. ↑ Seler 2010 p. 290
  7. ↑ "Xolotl, the Twin". azteccalendar.com.
  8. 1 2 Seler 2010 p. 94
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Maffie, James (2013). Aztec Philosophy: Understanding a World in Motion. University Press of Colorado. ISBN 1-45718-426-5. Olin and Xolotl
  10. ↑ "Xolotl (Illustration)". ancient.eu.
  11. ↑ "Story of the Fifth Sun". mexicolore.co.uk.
  12. ↑ "Dog". mexicolore.co.uk.
  13. ↑ "About Xolos". xoloitzcuintliclubofamerica.org.
  14. ↑ "Introduction". axolotl.org.
  15. ↑ "Mictlantecuhtli". azteccalendar.com.
  16. ↑ Neumann 1975 p. 19
  17. 1 2 Spence 2015 p. 276
  18. ↑ Seler 2010 p. 65
  19. ↑ Seler 2010 p. 45
  20. ↑ Seler 2010 p. 46
  21. ↑ Johnson 1994 p. 118
  22. ↑ Seler 2010 p. 66
  23. ↑ Spence 2015 p. 275
  24. ↑ "Aztec Philosophy". mexicolore.co.uk.
  25. ↑ "Skeletonized deity". Latinamericastudies.org.
  26. ↑ "Statue of Xolotl, rear view". Gettyimages.com.
  27. ↑ Boone, Elizabeth Hill (2013). Cycles of Time and Meaning in the Mexican Books of Fate. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-75656-4.
  28. ↑ Milbrath 2013 p. 57
  29. ↑ Boone 1985 p. 132
  30. ↑ Spence 1994 p. 93
  31. ↑ Sweely 1999 p. 120

References

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