XX male syndrome

XX male syndrome
Classification and external resources
Specialty medical genetics
ICD-10 (Q98.3)
OMIM 278850

XX male syndrome (also called de la Chapelle syndrome, for Albert de la Chapelle, who characterized it in 1972[1][2]) is a rare sex chromosomal disorder. Usually, it is caused by unequal crossing over between X and Y chromosomes during meiosis in the father, which results in the X chromosome containing the normally-male SRY gene. When this X combines with a normal X from the mother during fertilization, the result is an XX male.

This syndrome occurs in approximately four or five in 100,000 individuals, making it less common than Klinefelter syndrome.[3][4]

Presentation

Symptoms usually include small testes and subjects are invariably sterile. Individuals with this condition sometimes have feminine characteristics, with varying degrees of gynecomastia but with no intra-abdominal Müllerian tissue.[5] According to research at the University of Oklahoma health science centers, most XX males are not stereotypically feminine and are typical boys and men[5] although other reports suggest that facial hair growth is usually poor and libido is diminished, with notable exceptions.[6]

Clinical diagnosis

Pathophysiology

Males typically have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome in each diploid cell of their bodies. Females typically have two X chromosomes. XX males have two X chromosomes, with one of them containing genetic material from the Y chromosome, making them phenotypically male; they are genetically female but otherwise appear to be male.

See also

References

  1. ↑ de la Chapelle A (1972). "Analytic review: nature and origin of males with XX sex chromosomes". Am J Hum Genet. 24 (1): 71–105. PMC 1762158Freely accessible. PMID 4622299.
  2. ↑ de la Chapelle, Albert (1985). Cytogenetics of the mammalian X-chromosome, Part B: Progress and topics in cytogenetics. New York: Alan Liss. pp. 75–85.
  3. ↑ Vorona E, Zitzmann M, Gromoll J, Schüring AN, Nieschlag E (September 2007). "Clinical, endocrinological, and epigenetic features of the 46,XX male syndrome, compared with 47,XXY Klinefelter patients". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92 (9): 3458–65. doi:10.1210/jc.2007-0447. PMID 17579198.
  4. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 12, 2009. Retrieved October 7, 2009. Healthline.com: XX Male Syndrome
  5. 1 2 Lisker R, Flores F, Cobo A, Rojas FG (December 1970). "A case of XX male syndrome". J. Med. Genet. 7 (4): 394–398. doi:10.1136/jmg.7.4.394. PMC 1468937Freely accessible. PMID 5501706.
  6. ↑ Abusheikha N, Lass A, Brinsden P (2001). "Case Report: XX male without SRY gene and with infertility" (PDF). Human Reproduction. 16 (4): 717–718. doi:10.1093/humrep/16.4.717. PMID 11278224.
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