Wu Man

Wu Man

Wu Man performing at WOMAD in 2011.

Wu Man performing at WOMAD in 2011.
Background information
Native name 吴蛮
Born Hangzhou, Zhejiang
Genres Chinese music, World music, Contemporary classical
Instruments Pipa, ruan, zheng
Associated acts Kronos Quartet, Silk Road Ensemble
This is a Chinese name; the family name is 吴 (Wu).

Wu Man (Chinese: 吴蛮; pinyin: Wú Mán; born in Hangzhou, Zhejiang) is a Chinese pipa player and composer. Trained in Pudong-style pipa performance at the Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing, she is known for playing in a broad range of musical styles and introducing the pipa and its Chinese heritage into Western genres. She has performed and recorded extensively with Kronos Quartet and Silk Road Ensemble, and has premiered works by Philip Glass, Lou Harrison, Terry Riley, Bright Sheng, Tan Dun, Zhao Jiping, and Zhou Long, among many others. She has recorded and appeared on over 40 albums, five of which have been nominated for Grammy Awards. In 2013, she was named Instrumentalist of the Year by Musical America, becoming the first performer of a non-Western instrument to receive this award.[1] She also received The United States Artist' Award in 2008.

Biography

Born in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, Wu Man began taking pipa lessons at age 9. When universities opened their doors to new students in 1977 after the Cultural Revolution had ended, Wu Man traveled to Beijing to audition for the Central Conservatory of Music. At 13, she became the youngest student at the school, and her final audition was covered in national newspapers.[2] While at the Conservatory, she studied Pudong-style pipa performance under Lin Shicheng, Kuang Yuzhong, Chen Zemin, and Liu Dehai.[3] She was first exposed to non-Chinese music in 1979 when Seiji Ozawa and the Boston Symphony Orchestra performed in Beijing, and again in 1980 when she attended Isaac Stern’s master classes at the Conservatory.[2] She received her Master's Degree (the first such degree conferred on a pipa player) in 1987.[4]

Wu Man first performed in the United States as a member of the China Youth Arts Troupe in 1985. She moved to the U.S. five years later to pursue a career in pipa performance that would allow her repertoire to extend beyond traditional Chinese music.[2] Upon arriving, she began working with ensembles such as the Kronos Quartet (see below), and gave premieres of works by Chinese and American composers. In 1997, she gave the premiere of Lou Harrison's Concerto for Pipa and String Orchestra with Dennis Russell Davies conducting the Stuttgart Chamber Orchestra at Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. Written specifically for Wu Man, the work has been recorded twice, the latter of which (with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and Miguel Harth-Bedoya) was nominated for a Grammy for Best Instrumental Soloist Performance with Orchestra.[5][6] In 1998, Wu Man was awarded a fellowship to study at the Bunting Institute at Radcliffe College.[7] That same year, she became a founding member of Yo-Yo Ma's Silk Road Project (see below).[8]

In 2003, Wu Man began working with Philip Glass, performing in the premiere of his opera The Sound of a Voice at the American Repertory Theater.[9] She is featured in the recording of a suite from this work, which was released in 2007 on Glass's private label, Orange Mountain Music.[10] In 2004, Wu Man was approached by Glass once again to collaborate on a commission from the Cultural Olympiad on the occasion of the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. Taking Orion as its title and inspiration (the constellation can be seen from both hemispheres throughout the year), the piece contains movements representing various countries around the world. The third movement, "China", was co-written by Glass and Wu Man, and features Wu Man on pipa. Additional collaborators include Ravi Shankar, Mark Atkins, Foday Musa Suso, Ashley MacIsaac, and Uakti. The work was premiered prior to the Games, and recorded and released on Orange Mountain Music in 2005.[11]

In 2009, Wu Man curated a pair of concerts at Carnegie Hall as part of the Ancient Paths, Modern Voices Festival. The concerts focused on music from remote areas of China, including traditions of the Dong and Tujia peoples, as well as Taoist ritual.[12] The process of finding these musicians was documented in the 2012 film Discovering a Musical Heartland: Wu Man's Return to China.[13]

Wu Man's achievements in bringing the pipa to new audiences were recognized at the end of 2012 when Musical America selected her as the 2013 Instrumentalist of the Year. She is the first performer of a non-Western instrument to receive this award.[14] Later that season, Wu Man premiered her composition Blue and Green with New York–based chamber orchestra The Knights. Arranged for pipa and string orchestra by Lev Zhurbin and The Knights' Colin Jacobsen, the work is influenced by folk melodies that Wu Man heard travelling through China.[15] That same season, Wu Man premiered Zhao Jiping’s Pipa Concerto No. 2 at the Sydney Opera House with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra, who commissioned the work along with a consortium of North American orchestras.[16]

In 2014, Wu Man was named the first Musician-in-Residence at the Huntington Library. The residency included educational outreach programs, as well as a commission for a new composition. The piece, Three Sharing, was written by Wu Man for pipa, janggo, and shakuhachi, and was premiered on June 17, 2014 at the Huntington's Chinese Garden.[17][18]

Collaborations

Kronos Quartet

Wu Man first performed with the Kronos Quartet in the premiere of Zhou Long's Soul for pipa and string quartet at the Pittsburgh New Music Festival in 1992.[19] The Quartet's founding violinist, David Harrington, says he "heard all sorts of possibilities in Wu Man's vivid pipa sound,"[20] and the Quartet subsequently commissioned Tan Dun to write a piece for the same instrumentation. The resulting Ghost Opera, a semi-staged work with minimal sets and lighting, received its premiere at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in 1995.[21] The work was later recorded and released on Nonesuch in 1997.[22] On the occasion of Terry Riley's 70th birthday in 2005, the Quartet commissioned a new work from him that would include pipa. After working with Wu Man for over a year to learn the intricacies of the instrument, Riley composed The Cusp of Magic, a work in six movements that included Wu Man on pipa and vocals. All five musicians also play a variety of percussion instruments and toys. The premiere was presented by Cal Performances at Hertz Hall on the University of California, Berkeley campus, and was recorded and released on Nonesuch in 2008.[23][24] Wu Man's most recent project with the Quartet is a multimedia work entitled A Chinese Home, co-conceived by Wu Man, Harrington, and Chinese theater director Chen Shi-Zheng. The work, which received its premiere at Carnegie's Zankel Hall in 2009, depicts a broad stretch of Chinese history, from the Qing dynasty through the Chinese Communist Revolution to present day.[20]

Wu Man continues to perform regularly with Kronos, and was a featured guest artist in the Quartet's 40th Anniversary concerts in the 2013-14 season at the International Festival of Arts & Ideas, Cal Performances, Center for the Art of Performance at UCLA, and Carnegie Hall.[25] She appears on five albums with the Quartet, including Early Music, in which she plays John Dowland's Lachrymæ Antiquæ on the ruan; You've Stolen My Heart, a collection of Bollywood songs by Rahul Dev Burman; and A Thousand Thoughts, the Quartet's 40th anniversary compilation album.[26][27][28]

Yo-Yo Ma and the Silk Road Project

Wu Man is a founding member of Yo-Yo Ma's Silk Road Project, a non-profit organization established in 1998 to foster cross-cultural communication through musical performance and education.[8][29] Two years after its inception, the Project hosted a workshop at the Tanglewood Music Center that evolved into the Silk Road Ensemble, an eclectic group of musicians representing countries along the Silk Road.[30] Wu Man has performed regularly with the Ensemble since its inception in 2000, recording five albums and touring internationally.

In the 2006-07 season, the Silk Road Project partnered with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for a yearlong celebration called Silk Road Chicago, culminating in the 2008 album release Traditions and Transformations: Sounds of Silk Road Chicago. Wu Man appears on this album as a soloist, performing Lou Harrison's Pipa Concerto with the CSO and conductor Miguel Harth-Bedoya.[31]

Wu Man has also performed multiple times with Yo-Yo Ma outside of the Silk Road Ensemble. In 1999, Wu Man and Ma performed at the White House, premiering Bright Sheng's Three Songs for Pipa and Violoncello.[32] That same year, Ma was awarded the Glenn Gould Prize and selected Wu Man as the Glenn Gould Protégé.[33] They performed together again in 2003, premiering Sheng’s The Song and Dance of Tears alongside pianist Emanuel Ax, with David Zinman conducting the New York Philharmonic.[34]

Miscellaneous cross-cultural collaborations

Wu Man performing at WOMEX 15, Budapest

In 2005, Wu Man and composer Chen Yi co-wrote a multimedia work titled Ancient Dances, commissioned by the Walton Arts Center in Fayetteville, Arkansas. Taking its inspiration from the poetry of Li Bai, the multimedia work features video art by Kathleen Owen that incorporates Chinese calligraphy and paintings by Wu Man's father. In performances of the work, Wu Man and percussionist Robert Schulz played in front of two vertical screens that displayed Owen's art. The project forms the first installment in what Wu Man refers to as her larger "Return to the East" project, which includes many of the projects discussed below, as well as her documentary Discovering a Musical Heartland.[35][36] Later in 2005, she recorded the album Wu Man and Friends with Lee Knight (banjo, Appalachian dulcimer, mouth bow, vocals), Julian Kytasty (bandura, sopilka, vocals), and James Makubuya (endongo, adungu, vocals), which was released on the Traditional Crossroads label in 2006. The album contains the music of Chinese, Appalachian, Ukrainian, and Ugandan folk traditions, arranged to combine these plucked instruments from around the world.[37] Since the album release, Wu Man, Knight, Kytasty, and Makubuya have performed their arrangements in concerts around the U.S., including Carnegie's Zankel Hall in 2006 and the Santa Fe Chamber Music Festival in 2010.[38][39]

In 2010, Wu Man traveled to Taiwan to study the music of Taiwanese aborigines, leading to a series of concerts in 2012 titled "Wu Man and Aboriginal Friends from Taiwan (吳蠻與原住民朋友)". In these concerts, Wu Man was joined onstage by musicians of the Paiwan, Atayal, and Bunun tribes, performing arrangements of traditional and ritual songs with pipa accompaniment. Performances took place at the Taiwan International Festival of Arts at the National Theater and Concert Hall, Taipei, and at the New Vision Arts Festival in Hong Kong.[40][41]

With funds from the Aga Khan Music Initiative in Central Asia, Wu Man collaborated with Central Asian musicians to produce the CD/DVD Borderlands: Wu Man and Master Musicians from the Silk Route, released on Smithsonian Folkways in 2012. The album/documentary forms the tenth and final installment in the record label's Music of Central Asia series. The music focuses heavily on the Uyghur muqam tradition, a system of 12 modes that draws loosely from Arabic maqam. She is joined on the album by Abduvali Abdurashidov on sato; Sirojiddin Juraev on dutar; Hua'er vocalist Ma Ersa; Abdulla Majnun on diltar (his own invention, combining the plucked tanbur and bowed satar into a single double-necked instrument), dutar, tanbur, and vocals; Hesenjan Tursun on satar and vocals; Sanubar Tursun on dutar and vocals; and Yasin Yaqup on dap.[42]

In 2013, Wu Man received an Individual Artist Fellowship from San Diego Foundation's Creative Catalyst Fund to pursue a project titled "When China Meets Latin America", collaborating with son jarocho quartet Son de San Diego. In their initial rehearsals, Wu Man and Son de San Diego explored the commonalities in Chinese and Latin American folk traditions, both of which, Son de San Diego's Eduardo Garcia Acosta notes, have "love songs, silvery dawns, birdsongs, broken hearts, tales of sailing, and the sheer joy of dancing."[43] Following these rehearsals, the ad hoc quintet has performed arrangements of Chinese and Latin American folk music in workshops and concerts presented by the Carlsbad Music Festival.[44]

Awards

Discography

Solo or as leader

Orchestral

with Kronos Quartet

with Silk Road Ensemble[31]

with Philip Glass

with Bang on a Can

with Liu Sola[71]

Film soundtracks

Misc. duo

Misc. ensemble

Appearances on anthologies & compilations

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wu Man.

References

  1. 1 2 Allan Kozinn. "The 2013 Honorees: Wu Man - Instrumentalist of the Year." Musical America. Accessed July 25, 2014. http://www.musicalamerica.com/features/?fid=186&fyear=2013
  2. 1 2 3 Wu Man. "Chinese Idol." The Silk Road Project Newsletter. May 2011. Accessed July 25, 2014. http://archive.silkroadproject.org/News/Newsletter/July11/ChineseIdolPart2/tabid/1483/Default.aspx
  3. ↑ (Chinese) Central Conservatory of Music. "Lin Shicheng." Accessed July 21, 2014. http://www.ccom.edu.cn/news/jczt/zt/2012lsc/201211/t20121116_22608.html
  4. ↑ (Chinese) CCoM. "Degree List (1987)." Accessed July 21, 2014. http://www.ccom.edu.cn/aboutccom/jigou/jfjg/ysss/xwsy/201010/t20101014_13787.html
  5. ↑ Lou Harrison. "Guide to the Lou Harrison Paper: Music Manuscripts." Accessed July 25, 2014. http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt3489q4r5
  6. 1 2 3 HitFix. "2009 Grammy Awards: Complete Winner and Nominees." Accessed July 25, 2014. http://www.hitfix.com/articles/2009-grammy-awards-complete-winners-and-nominees
  7. 1 2 The Harvard University Gazette. "Thirty-Seven Women Appointed Fellows at Radcliffe's Bunting Institute." Accessed July 22, 2014. http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/1998/05.28/Thirty-SevenWom.html
  8. 1 2 Jason Serinus. "Wu Man: Giving the Pipa New Life." San Francisco Classical Voice. October 5, 2010. Accessed July 28, 2014. https://www.sfcv.org/events-calendar/artist-spotlight/wu-man-giving-the-pipa-new-life
  9. ↑ American Repertory Theater. "The Sound of a Voice." Accessed July 28, 2014. http://americanrepertorytheater.org/events/show/sound-voice
  10. 1 2 Philip Glass. "Recordings: Theater Music, Vol. 1" Accessed July 28, 2014. http://www.philipglass.com/music/recordings/theater_music.php
  11. ↑ Glass. "Compositions: Orion." Accessed July 24, 2014. http://www.philipglass.com/music/compositions/orion.php
  12. ↑ Carnegie Hall. "Ancient Paths, Modern Voices." Accessed July 22, 2014. http://www.carnegiehall.org/chinafestival/index.aspx
  13. ↑ Steve Smith. "Tradition, on a Fresh Note." The New York Times. December 9, 2012. Accessed July 22, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/10/arts/music/wu-man-via-world-music-institute-at-symphony-space.html
  14. ↑ Musical America. "At the Awards: Wu Man." December 10, 2012. Accessed July 30, 2014. http://www.musicalamerica.com/mablogs/?page_id=8687
  15. ↑ Corinna da Fonseca-Wollheim. "Optimum Pipa Plucking, Surrounded by Friends." February 10, 2013. Accessed July 28, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/11/arts/music/wu-man-and-the-knights-at-asia-society.html
  16. ↑ Sydney Symphony Orchestra. "Tea & Symphony." November 1, 2013. Accessed July 28, 2014. http://www.sydneysymphony.com/media/861987/prog31_20131101_newworld_tas_sso.pdf
  17. ↑ The Huntington. "Garden of Flowing Fragrance." Accessed July 28, 2014. http://huntington.org/WebAssets/Templates/content.aspx?id=2540
  18. ↑ Cindy Liu. "Huntington Library hosts Wu Man's final concert." June 20, 2014. Accessed July 31, 2014. http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/2014-06/20/content_17605689.htm
  19. ↑ WorldCat. "Soul: pipa and string quartet." Accessed July 23, 2014. http://www.worldcat.org/title/soul-pipa-and-string-quartet/oclc/28433345
  20. 1 2 Kronos Quartet. "A Chinese Home." Accessed July 23, 2014. http://kronosquartet.org/projects/detail/a_chinese_home/
  21. ↑ Kronos Quartet. "Ghost Opera." Accessed July 23, 2014. http://kronosquartet.org/projects/detail/ghost_opera/
  22. 1 2 Nonesuch Records. "Ghost Opera." Accessed July 18, 2014. http://www.nonesuch.com/albums/tan-dun-ghost-opera
  23. 1 2 Nonesuch. "The Cusp of Magic." Accessed July 18, 2014. http://www.nonesuch.com/albums/terry-riley-the-cusp-of-magic
  24. ↑ Cal Performances. "Kronos Quartet Gives the Premiere of Terry Riley's The Cusp of Magic." April 12, 2005. Accessed July 25, 2014. http://calperformances.org/learn/news_features/press/pdf/04.05/KronosQuartetPR.pdf
  25. ↑ Kronos Quartet. "Kronos at 40: A Season of Celebration." June 20, 2013. Accessed July 29, 2014. http://kronosquartet.org/news/article/kronos-at-40-a-season-of-celebration
  26. 1 2 Nonesuch. "Early Music." Accessed July 18, 2014. http://www.nonesuch.com/albums/early-music
  27. 1 2 Nonesuch. "You've Stolen My Heart." Accessed July 18, 2014. http://www.nonesuch.com/albums/youve-stolen-my-heart-with-asha-bhosle
  28. 1 2 Nonesuch. "A Thousand Thoughts." Accessed July 18, 2014. http://www.nonesuch.com/albums/a-thousand-thoughts
  29. ↑ Silk Road Project. "About Us." Accessed July 29, 2014. http://www.silkroadproject.org/about-us
  30. ↑ Silk Road Project. "Silk Road Ensemble." Accessed July 29, 2014. http://www.silkroadproject.org/case-ensemble
  31. 1 2 Silk Road Project. "Silk Road Ensemble." Accessed July 18, 2014. http://www.silkroadproject.org/ensemble
  32. ↑ Bright Sheng. "Three Songs." Accessed July 21, 2014. http://brightsheng.com/programnotes/Threesongs.html
  33. 1 2 Glenn Gould Foundation. http://glenngould.ca/protege-prize/
  34. ↑ Sheng. "The Song and Dance of Tears." Accessed July 23, 2014. http://brightsheng.com/works/orchestra/songdancetears.html
  35. ↑ Theodore Presser Company. "Chen Yi." Accessed August 8, 2014. http://www.presser.com/Composers/info.cfm?Name=ChenYi
  36. ↑ Steve Hochman. "Wu Man's Ancient Dances Will Bridge Chinese Centuries at Royce Hall." Southern California Public Radio. November 14, 2011. Accessed August 8, 2014. http://www.scpr.org/blogs/newmedia/2011/11/14/3799/wu-mans-ancient-dances-will-bridge-ancient-and-mod/
  37. 1 2 Traditional Crossroads. "Wu Man and Friends." Accessed July 18, 2014. http://www.traditionalcrossroads.com/shop/article_CD%25204329/Wu-Man-and-Friends.html
  38. ↑ Carnegie Hall. "2005-2006 Annual Report." Accessed August 25, 2014. Page 19. http://www.carnegiehall.org/pdf/0506_CH_Annual_Report.pdf
  39. ↑ Grant Communications. "World premieres of Cynthia Lee Wong’s Piano Quartet, Chinary Ung’s Formless Spiral and Paul Lansky’s Horizons, solo recitals by pianist Kuok-Wai Lio and cellist Zuill Bailey and World Music concert with Wu Man and Friends all part of Santa Fe Chamber Music Festival’s third week." Accessed August 12, 2014. http://www.grant-communications.com/santafechmbrmusicfest/pressreleases.html
  40. ↑ Taiwan International Festival of Arts. "Wu Man and Aboriginal Friends." Accessed August 8, 2014. http://tifa.npac-ntch.org/2012/program_18_en.php
  41. ↑ New Vision Arts Festival. "Wu Man and Aboriginal Friends from Taiwan." Accessed August 8, 2014. http://www.newvisionfestival.gov.hk/2012/eng/music_wuman.php
  42. ↑ Rachel Harris. Liner notes to Borderlands: Wu Man and Master Musicians from the Silk Route. Wu Man et al. Smithsonian Folkways Recordings. SFW CD 40529. CD. 2011.
  43. ↑ Eduardo Garcia Acosta. "The Magic Sound of Strings." Carlsbad Music Festival. March 18, 2014. Accessed August 8, 2014. http://carlsbadmusicfestival.org/wuman/the-magic-sound-of-strings-by-eduardo-garcia-acosta/
  44. ↑ Carlsbad Music Festival. "Wu Man." Accessed August 8, 2014. http://carlsbadmusicfestival.org/wuman/
  45. ↑ (Chinese) CCoM. "Award Information 1951-1989." Accessed July 21, 2014. http://www.ccom.edu.cn/aboutccom/xygk/xycj/hjxx/201010/t20101028_16885.html
  46. ↑ USA Fellows. "Wu Man." Accessed July 21, 2014. http://www.usafellows.org/fellow/wu_man
  47. ↑ Baltimore Sun. "Complete list of 2006 Grammy winners." February 9, 2006. Accessed July 25, 2014. http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/music/bal-grammys-winners0209,0,2679275.htmlstory
  48. ↑ Los Angeles Times. "Grammy Awards 2011: Winners and nominees for 53rd Grammy Awards." Accessed July 25, 2014. http://www.latimes.com/la-et-env-grammys-nominees-2010-list-htmlstory.html
  49. ↑ Independent Music Awards. "Song Nominees: 12th Annual Independent Music Awards - World Traditional." Accessed July 25, 2014. http://www.independentmusicawards.com/imanominee/12th/song/world-traditional
  50. ↑ IMA. "Video Nominees: 12th Annual Independent Music Awards - Long Form." Accessed July 25, 2014. http://www.independentmusicawards.com/imanominee/12th/Video/Long-Form
  51. ↑ IMA. "Album Nominees: 12th Annual Independent Music Awards - World Traditional." Accessed July 25, 2014. http://www.independentmusicawards.com/imanominee/13th/Album/World-Traditional
  52. ↑ (Chinese) http://news.rti.org.tw/news/detail/?recordId=118393
  53. ↑ Grammy.com Accessed February 24, 2015 http://www.grammy.com/NOMINEES?genre=34
  54. ↑ WorldCat. "Ba wang xie jia : wu man pi pa du zou - The overlord removed off his armour: pipa solo by Wu Man." Accessed July 21, 2014. http://www.worldcat.org/title/ba-wang-xie-jia-wu-man-pi-pa-du-zou-the-overlord-removed-off-his-armour-pipa-solo-by-wu-man/oclc/422641240
  55. ↑ Wyastone Estate Limited. "Chinese Music for the Pipa." Accessed July 18, 2014. http://www.wyastone.co.uk/chinese-music-for-the-pipa.html
  56. ↑ Wyastone. "Chinese Traditional and Contemporary Music." Accessed July 18, 2014. http://www.wyastone.co.uk/chinese-traditional-and-contemporary-music.html
  57. ↑ Wyastone. "Chinese Traditional & Conetmporary Music for Pipa & Ensemble." Accessed July 18, 2014. http://www.wyastone.co.uk/chinese-traditional-contemporary-music-for-pipa-ensemble.html
  58. ↑ Liu Sola. "Spring Snowfall." Accessed July 18, 2014. http://liusolastudio.com/eng/cd7.html
  59. ↑ Naxos. "Pipa: From a Distance." Accessed July 18, 2014. http://www.naxos.com/catalogue/item.asp?item_code=76037-2
  60. ↑ Traditional Crossroads. "Immesurable [sic] Light." Accessed July 18, 2014. http://www.traditionalcrossroads.com/shop/article_CD%25204343/Wu-Man---Immesurable-Light.html
  61. ↑ Smithsonian Folkways. "Music of Central Asia, Vol. 10." Accessed July 18, 2014. http://www.folkways.si.edu/wu-man-and-master-musicians-from-the-silk-route/music-of-central-asia-vol10-borderlands/world/album/Smithsonian
  62. ↑ Wind Music. "Elegant Pipa Classics." Accessed July 18, 2014. http://www.windmusic.com.tw/en/pro_detail.asp?PDT_NO=TCD-1036
  63. ↑ iTunes. "Our World in Song (An Odyssey of Musical Treasures)." Accessed August 26, 2014. https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/our-world-in-song-odyssey/id908628485
  64. ↑ Mode Records. "Lou Harrison: For Strings." Accessed July 18, 2014. http://www.moderecords.com/catalog/140harrison.html
  65. ↑ WERGO. "Xiaogang Ye - The Last Paradise / Winter / Pipa Concerto / Horizon." Accessed July 18, 2014. http://www.wergo.de/shop/en_UK/products/show,133289.html
  66. ↑ ONYX. "Moscow Soloists & Yuri Bashmet - Tan Dun/Takemitsu etc." Accessed July 18, 2014. http://www.onyxclassics.com/cddetail.php?CatalogueNumber=ONYX4027
  67. ↑ CSO Sounds & Stories. "Traditions and Transformations: Sounds of Silk Road Chicago." Accessed July 18, 2014. http://csosoundsandstories.org/traditions-transformations-sounds-of-silk-road-chicago/
  68. ↑ Glass. "Recordings: Orion." Accessed July 18, 2014. http://www.philipglass.com/music/recordings/orion.php
  69. ↑ Discogs.com. "Bang on a Can - Music for Airports - Brian Eno" Accessed July 18, 2014. http://www.discogs.com/Bang-On-A-Can-Brian-Eno-Music-For-Airports/master/108504
  70. ↑ Bang on a Can. "In C." Accessed July 18, 2014 http://bangonacan.org/store/music/in_c
  71. ↑ Liu Sola. "Liu Sola's discography." Accessed July 18, 2014. http://liusolastudio.com/eng/MusDisc.html
  72. ↑ AllMusic. "The Wedding Banquet." Accessed July 21, 2014. http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-wedding-banquet-mw0002189347/credits
  73. ↑ Maria Banks. "Wu Man/The Circle Magazine Interview." Circle Magazine. Accessed July 21, 2014. http://circlemag.org/Files/2012v1-wuman.pdf
  74. ↑ Water Lily Acoustics. "Released." Accessed July 18, 2014. http://waterlilyacoustics.com/released.htm
  75. ↑ Yoshio Kurahashi. "Recordings." Accessed July 18, 2014. http://www.mujuan.us/recordings.html
  76. ↑ Tatsu Aoki. "Posture of Reality." Accessed July 18, 2014. http://www.tatsuaoki.com/r_pos.html
  77. ↑ AllMusic. "Carry the Day - Henry Threadgill." Accessed July 21, 2014. http://www.allmusic.com/album/carry-the-day-mw0000125699/credits
  78. ↑ Tzadik Records. "Bun-Ching Lam: The Child God". Accessed July 18, 2014. http://www.tzadik.com/index.php?catalog=7031
  79. ↑ BIS Records. "Bright Sheng - Silent Temple." Accessed July 18, 2014. http://www.bis.se//index.php?op=album&aID=BIS-CD-1138
  80. ↑ New World Records. "Zhou Long: Nature and Spirit." Accessed July 18, 2014. http://www.newworldrecords.org/album.cgi?rm=view&album_id=17461
  81. ↑ Albany Records. "66 Times." Accessed July 18, 2014. http://www.albanyrecords.com/mm5/merchant.mvc?Session_ID=61a45e9cf3c9c7b8ea02ba4593f2ebac&Screen=PROD&Product_Code=TROY858&Store_Code=AR&search=shih+hui+chen&offset=&filter_cat=&PowerSearch_Begin_Only=&sort=&range_low=&range_high=
  82. ↑ Naxos. "LIANG, Lei: Verge / Tremors of a Memory Chord / Aural Hypothesis / Five Seasons (Palimpsest Ensemble, Callithumpian Consort, Wu Man, Pi-hsien Chen)" Accessed August 7, 2014. http://www.naxos.com/catalogue/item.asp?item_code=8.572839
  83. ↑ China Music Group. "Track Detail: Chen Sui." Accessed July 21, 2014. http://www.chinamusicgroup.com/track_details.php?track_id=18059
  84. ↑ Wyastone. "Word Music Sampler, Volume 2." Accessed July 18, 2014. http://www.wyastone.co.uk/world-music-sampler-volume-2.html
  85. ↑ Wyastone. "A Taste of Asia." Accessed July 18, 2014. http://www.wyastone.co.uk/a-taste-of-asia.html
  86. ↑ China Music Group. "Track Detail: The General's Order." Accessed July 21, 2014. http://www.chinamusicgroup.com/track_details.php?track_id=9
  87. ↑ Discogs.com. "Various - China: Time to Listen (CD)." Accessed July 18, 2014. http://www.discogs.com/Various-China-Time-To-Listen/release/2059626
  88. ↑ China Music Group. "Track Detail: The General's Order." Accessed July 21, 2014. http://www.chinamusicgroup.com/track_details.php?track_id=2263
  89. ↑ Smithsonian Folkways. "The Silk Road: A Musical Caravan." Accessed July 18, 2014. http://www.folkways.si.edu/the-silk-road-a-musical-caravan/central-asia-islamica-world/music/album/smithsonian
  90. ↑ China Music Group. "Track Detail: The General's Order." Accessed July 21, 2014. http://www.chinamusicgroup.com/track_details.php?track_id=3805
  91. ↑ China Music Group. "Track Detail: Laying an Ambush on All Sides." Accessed July 21, 2014. http://www.chinamusicgroup.com/track_details.php?track_id=13182
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