World record progression 100 metres freestyle

The first world record in the men's 100 metres freestyle in long course (50 metres) swimming was recognised by the International Swimming Federation (FINA) in 1905.[1] In the short course (25 metres) swimming events the world's governing body recognizes world records since 3 March 1991.

Times have consistently dropped over the years due to better training techniques and new developments in the sport.

In the first four Olympics competitions were not held in pools, but rather in open water (1896– The Mediterranean Sea, 1900– The Seine River, 1904– an artificial lake, 1906– The Mediterranean Sea). The 1904 Olympics freestyle race was the only one ever measured at 100 yards, instead of the usual 100 metres. A 100 metre pool was built for the 1908 Olympics and sat in the centre of the main stadium's track and field oval. The 1912 Olympics, held in the Stockholm harbour, marked the beginning of electronic timing.

Male swimmers wore full body suits up until the 1940s, which caused more drag in the water than their modern swim-wear counterparts. Also, over the years, pool designs have lessened the drag. Some design considerations allow for the reduction of swimming resistance making the pool faster. Namely, proper pool depth, elimination of currents, increased lane width, energy absorbing racing lane lines and gutters, and the use of other innovative hydraulic, acoustic and illumination designs.

In 2008, leading up to the Olympics, Speedo introduced a 50% Polyurethane suit dubbed LZR. Pure polyurethane suits from Arena (X-Glide), Adidas (Hydrofoil) and Italian suit manufacturer, Jaked were thought to be largely responsible for the multiple World Records in 2009 including at the 2009 World Aquatics Championships (dubbed the "Plastic Games"). FINA announced a ban on non-textile suit that took effect on January 2010.[2]

The 1924 Summer Olympics were the first to use the standard 50 metre pool with marked lanes. In the freestyle, swimmers originally dived from the pool walls, but diving blocks were eventually incorporated at the 1936 Summer Olympics. The tumble turn ("flip-turn") was developed by the 1950s.

Graphic data for World Record Progression in Men and Women Swimming 50m-100m-200m Long and Short Course Butterfly-Backstroke-Breaststroke-Freestyle

Men

Long course

# Time Name Nationality Date Meet Location Ref
1 1:05.8 Halmay, ZoltánZoltán Halmay  Hungary 3 Dec 1905 – Vienna, Austria [3]
2 1:05.6 Daniels, CharlesCharles Daniels  United States 20 Jul 1908 Olympic Games London, United Kingdom [4]
3 1:02.8 (tt) Daniels, CharlesCharles Daniels  United States 15 Apr 1910 Special record attempt by the New York AC New York City, United States [5]
4 1:02.4 Bretting, KurtKurt Bretting  Germany 6 Apr 1912 – Brussels, Belgium [6]
5 1:01.6 Kahanamoku, DukeDuke Kahanamoku  United States 20 Jul 1912 – Hamburg, Germany
6 1:01.4 Kahanamoku, DukeDuke Kahanamoku  United States 9 Aug 1918 International exhibition New York City, United States [7]
7 1:00.4 Kahanamoku, DukeDuke Kahanamoku  United States 24 Aug 1920 Olympic Games Antwerp, Belgium
8 58.6 Weissmuller, JohnnyJohnny Weissmuller  United States 19 Jul 1922 – Alameda, California, United States
9 57.4 Weissmuller, JohnnyJohnny Weissmuller  United States 17 Feb 1924 – Miami, United States
10 56.8 Fick, PeterPeter Fick  United States 2 Mar 1934 Yale University Swimming Carnival New Haven, United States [8]
11 56.6 (tt) Fick, PeterPeter Fick  United States 5 Mar 1935 Yale University Swimming Carnival New Haven, United States [9]
12 56.4 Fick, PeterPeter Fick  United States 11 Feb 1936 Yale Benefit Event for the United States Olympic team New Haven, United States [10]
13 55.9 (tt) Ford, AlanAlan Ford  United States 13 Apr 1944 Special record attempt New Haven, United States [11]
14 55.8 Jany, AlexAlex Jany  France 15 Sep 1947 – Menton, France
15 55.4 (tt) Ford, AlanAlan Ford  United States 29 Jun 1948 New Haven Swim Club team time trial New Haven, United States [12]
16 54.8 (tt) Cleveland, DickDick Cleveland  United States 1 Apr 1954 AAU Championships New Haven, United States [13]
17 55.4 Henricks, JonJon Henricks  Australia 30 Nov 1956 Olympic Games Melbourne, Australia [14]
18 55.2 Devitt, JohnJohn Devitt  Australia 19 Jan 1957 New South Wales State Championships Sydney, Australia [15]
19 54.6 Devitt, JohnJohn Devitt  Australia 28 Jan 1957 Queensland State Championships Brisbane, Australia [16]
20 54.4 Clark, SteveSteve Clark  United States 18 Aug 1961 Men's NAAA Championships Los Angeles, United States [17]
21 53.6 (tt) Santos, Manuel dosManuel dos Santos  Brazil 20 Sep 1961 Special record attempt by the CR Guanabara Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
22 52.9 Gottvallès, AlainAlain Gottvallès  France 13 Sep 1964 – Budapest, Hungary
22= 52.9 (r) Clark, SteveSteve Clark  United States 14 Oct 1964 Olympic Games Tokyo, Japan [18]
23 52.6 (r) Walsh, KenKen Walsh  United States 27 Jul 1967 Pan American Games Winnipeg, Canada [19]
23= 52.6 Zorn, ZacZac Zorn  United States 2 Sep 1968 USA Olympic Trials (elec. 52.58) Los Angeles, United States [20]
24 52.2 Wenden, MichaelMichael Wenden  Australia 19 Oct 1968 Olympic Games Mexico City, Mexico [21]
25 51.94 (h) Spitz, MarkMark Spitz  United States 23 Aug 1970 AAU Championships Los Angeles, United States [22]
26 51.47 (h) Spitz, MarkMark Spitz  United States 5 Aug 1972 USA Olympic Trials Chicago, United States [23]
27 51.22 Spitz, MarkMark Spitz  United States 3 Sep 1972 Olympic Games Munich, West Germany [24]
28 51.12 (h) Montgomery, JimJim Montgomery  United States 21 Jun 1975 AAU World Championship Trials Long Beach, United States [25]
29 51.11 Coan, AndyAndy Coan  United States 3 Aug 1975 An Amateur Athletic Union Region Four meet Fort Lauderdale, United States [26]
30 50.59 (sf) Montgomery, JimJim Montgomery  United States 23 Aug 1975 AAU Championships Kansas City, United States [27]
31 50.39 (sf) Montgomery, JimJim Montgomery  United States 24 Jul 1976 Olympic Games Montreal, Canada [28]
32 49.99 Montgomery, JimJim Montgomery  United States 25 Jul 1976 Olympic Games Montreal, Canada [29]
33 49.44 Skinner, JontyJonty Skinner  South Africa 14 Aug 1976 AAU Championships Philadelphia, United States [30]
34 49.36 (tt) Gaines, RowdyRowdy Gaines  United States 3 Apr 1981 Longhorn Invitational Austin, United States
35 49.24 (h) Biondi, MattMatt Biondi  United States 6 Aug 1985 USA Summer Nationals Mission Viejo, United States [31]
36 48.95 Biondi, MattMatt Biondi  United States 6 Aug 1985 USA Summer Nationals Mission Viejo, United States [32]
37 48.74 Biondi, MattMatt Biondi  United States 24 Jun 1986 USA World Championships Trials Orlando, United States [33]
38 48.42 Biondi, MattMatt Biondi  United States 10 Aug 1988 USA Olympic Trials Austin, United States
39 48.21 Popov, AlexanderAlexander Popov  Russia 18 Jun 1994 International Swimming Meeting of Monte Carlo Monte-Carlo, Monaco
40 48.18 (r) Klim, MichaelMichael Klim  Australia 16 Sep 2000 Olympic Games Sydney, Australia [34]
41 47.84 (sf) Hoogenband, Pieter van denPieter van den Hoogenband  Netherlands 19 Sep 2000 Olympic Games Sydney, Australia [35]
42 47.60 (sf) Bernard, AlainAlain Bernard  France 21 Mar 2008 European Championships Eindhoven, Netherlands [36]
43 47.50 Bernard, AlainAlain Bernard  France 22 Mar 2008 European Championships Eindhoven, Netherlands [37]
44 47.24 (r) Sullivan, EamonEamon Sullivan  Australia 11 Aug 2008 Olympic Games Beijing, China [38]
45 47.20 (sf) Bernard, AlainAlain Bernard  France 13 Aug 2008 Olympic Games Beijing, China [39]
46 47.05 (sf) Sullivan, EamonEamon Sullivan  Australia 13 Aug 2008 Olympic Games Beijing, China
47 46.94 Bernard, AlainAlain Bernard  France 23 Apr 2009 French National Championships Montpellier, France [40][41]
48 46.91 Cielo, CésarCésar Cielo  Brazil 30 Jul 2009 World Championships Rome, Italy [42]

Short course

# Time Name Nationality Date Meet Location Ref
WBT 48.20 Gross, MichaelMichael Gross  West Germany 11 Feb 1988 ? Offenbach, Germany [43]
[44]
1 47.94 Borges, GustavoGustavo Borges  Brazil 2 Jul 1993 Brazil Nationals Santos, São Paulo, Brazil [45]
2 47.83 Popov, AlexanderAlexander Popov  Russia 1 Jan 1994 World Cup Hong Kong
3 47.82 Popov, AlexanderAlexander Popov  Russia 5 Jan 1994 World Cup Beijing, China
4 47.12 Popov, AlexanderAlexander Popov  Russia 12 Mar 1994 World Cup Desenzano del Garda, Italy
5 46.74 Popov, AlexanderAlexander Popov  Russia 19 Mar 1994 World Cup Gelsenkirchen, Germany
6 46.25 Crocker, IanIan Crocker  United States 27 Mar 2004 NCAA Men's Division 1 Championships East Meadow, United States [46]
6= 46.25 Schoeman, RolandRoland Schoeman  South Africa 22 Jan 2005 World Cup Berlin, Germany [47]
7 45.83 Nystrand, StefanStefan Nystrand  Sweden 17 Nov 2007 World Cup Berlin, Germany [48]
8 45.69 Bernard, AlainAlain Bernard  France 7 Dec 2008 French SC Championships Angers, France
9 45.12 (sf) Leveaux, AmauryAmaury Leveaux  France 12 Dec 2008 European SC Championships Rijeka, Croatia [49]
10 44.94 Leveaux, AmauryAmaury Leveaux  France 13 Dec 2008 European SC Championships Rijeka, Croatia

Women

Long course

# Time Name Nationality Date Meet Location Ref
1 1:35.0 Gerstung, MarthaMartha Gerstung  Germany 18 Oct 1908 – Magdeburg, Germany
2 1:26.6 Guttenstein, ClaireClaire Guttenstein  Belgium 2 Oct 1910 – Schaerbeek, Belgium
3 1:24.6 Curwen, DaisyDaisy Curwen  Great Britain 29 Sep 1911 – Liverpool, United Kingdom
4 1:20.6 Curwen, DaisyDaisy Curwen  Great Britain 10 Jun 1912 – Birkenhead, United Kingdom
5 1:19.8 Durack, FannyFanny Durack  Australia 9 Jul 1912 Olympic Games Stockholm, Sweden [50]
6 1:18.8 Durack, FannyFanny Durack  Australia 21 Jul 1912 – Hamburg, Germany
7 1:16.2 Durack, FannyFanny Durack  Australia 6 Feb 1915 NSW Ladies' Amateur Championships Sydney, Australia [51]
8 1:14.4 sf Bleibtrey, EtheldaEthelda Bleibtrey  United States 23 Aug 1920 Olympic Games Antwerp, Belgium [52]
9 1:13.6 Bleibtrey, EtheldaEthelda Bleibtrey  United States 25 Aug 1920 Olympic Games Antwerp, Belgium [53]
10 1:12.8 Ederle, GertrudeGertrude Ederle  United States 30 Jun 1923 – Newark, New Jersey, United States [54]
11 1:12.2 h Wehselau, MariechenMariechen Wehselau  United States 19 Jul 1924 Olympic Games Paris, France
12 1:10.0 Lackie, EthelEthel Lackie  United States 28 Jan 1926 – Toledo, OH, United States [55]
13 1:09.8 Garatti, EleanorEleanor Garatti  United States 7 Aug 1929 National AAU women's swimming meet Honolulu, Hawaii [56]
14 1:09.4 Osipowich, AlbinaAlbina Osipowich  United States 25 Aug 1929 – San Francisco, United States
15 1:08.0 Madison, HeleneHelene Madison  United States 14 Mar 1930 National AAU Women's Indoor Swimming and Diving Championships Miami Beach, United States [57]
16 1:06.6 Madison, HeleneHelene Madison  United States 20 Apr 1931 – Boston, United States
17 1:06.0 Ouden, Willy denWilly den Ouden  Netherlands 9 Jul 1933 – Antwerp, Belgium
18 1:05.4 Ouden, Willy denWilly den Ouden  Netherlands 24 Feb 1934 – Amsterdam, Netherlands
19 1:04.8 Ouden, Willy denWilly den Ouden  Netherlands 15 Apr 1934 – Rotterdam, Netherlands
20 1:04.6 Ouden, Willy denWilly den Ouden  Netherlands 27 Feb 1936 – Amsterdam, Netherlands
21 1:04.5 Fraser, DawnDawn Fraser  Australia 21 Feb 1956 Australian Championships Sydney, Australia [58]
22 1:04.2 Gastelaars, CockyCocky Gastelaars  Netherlands 3 Mar 1956 – Amsterdam, Netherlands
23 1:04.0 Gastelaars, CockyCocky Gastelaars  Netherlands 14 Apr 1956 – Schiedam, Netherlands
24 1:03.3 Fraser, DawnDawn Fraser  Australia 25 Aug 1956 Australian Olympic Squad Swimming Carnival Townsville, Australia [59]
25 1:03.2 Crapp, LorraineLorraine Crapp  Australia 20 Oct 1956 Australian Olympic Squad Swimming Carnival Sydney, Australia [60]
26 1:02.4 Crapp, LorraineLorraine Crapp  Australia 25 Oct 1956 Australian Olympic Trials Melbourne, Australia [61]
27 1:02.0 Fraser, DawnDawn Fraser  Australia 1 Dec 1956 Olympic Games Melbourne, Australia [62]
28 1:01.5 yd Fraser, DawnDawn Fraser  Australia 18 Feb 1958 Australian Championships Melbourne, Australia [63]
29 1:01.4 yd Fraser, DawnDawn Fraser  Australia 21 Jul 1958 British Empire & Commonwealth Games Cardiff, United Kingdom [64]
30 1:01.2 Fraser, DawnDawn Fraser  Australia 10 Aug 1958 – Schiedam, Netherlands
31 1:00.2 yd Fraser, DawnDawn Fraser  Australia 23 Feb 1960 Australian Championships & Olympic Trials Sydney, Australia [65]
32 1:00.0 yd Fraser, DawnDawn Fraser  Australia 23 Oct 1962 Australian British Empire & Commonwealth Games Trials Melbourne, Australia [66]
33 59.9 yd Fraser, DawnDawn Fraser  Australia 27 Oct 1962 Australian British Empire & Commonwealth Games Trials Melbourne, Australia [67]
34 59.5 yd Fraser, DawnDawn Fraser  Australia 24 Nov 1962 British Empire & Commonwealth Games Perth, Australia [68]
35 58.9 Fraser, DawnDawn Fraser  Australia 29 Feb 1964 Australian Championships & Olympic Trials Sydney, Australia [69]
35= 58.9 Gould, ShaneShane Gould  Australia 30 Apr 1971 Coca Cola International London, United Kingdom [70]
36 58.5 Gould, ShaneShane Gould  Australia 8 Jan 1972 New South Wales State Championships Sydney, Australia [71]
37 58.25 Ender, KorneliaKornelia Ender  East Germany 13 Jul 1973 GDR Nationals & World Championship Trials East Berlin, East Germany
38 58.12 Ender, KorneliaKornelia Ender  East Germany 18 Aug 1973 – Utrecht, Netherlands
39 57.61 r Ender, KorneliaKornelia Ender  East Germany 8 Sep 1973 World Championships Belgrade, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
40 57.54 Ender, KorneliaKornelia Ender  East Germany 9 Sep 1973 World Championships Belgrade, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
41 57.51 Ender, KorneliaKornelia Ender  East Germany 4 Jul 1974 GDR Nationals & European Championship Trials Rostock, East Germany
42 56.96 Ender, KorneliaKornelia Ender  East Germany 19 Aug 1974 European Championships Vienna, Austria
43 56.38 Ender, KorneliaKornelia Ender  East Germany 14 Mar 1975 GDRvURS Duel Dresden, East Germany
44 56.22 r Ender, KorneliaKornelia Ender  East Germany 26 Jul 1975 World Championships Cali, Colombia
45 55.73 Ender, KorneliaKornelia Ender  East Germany 1 Jun 1976 GDR Olympic Trials East Berlin, East Germany
46 55.65 Ender, KorneliaKornelia Ender  East Germany 19 Jul 1976 Olympic Games Montréal, Canada
47 55.41 Krause, BarbaraBarbara Krause  East Germany 5 Jul 1978 GDR Nationals & World Championship Trials East Berlin, East Germany
48 54.98 h Krause, BarbaraBarbara Krause  East Germany 20 Jul 1980 Olympic Games Moscow, Soviet Union
49 54.79 Krause, BarbaraBarbara Krause  East Germany 21 Jul 1980 Olympic Games Moscow, Soviet Union
50 54.73 r Otto, KristinKristin Otto  East Germany 19 Aug 1986 World Championships Madrid, Spain
51 54.48 h Thompson, JennyJenny Thompson  United States 1 Mar 1992 USA Olympic Trials Indianapolis, United States [72]
52 54.01 Jingyi Le  China 5 Sep 1994 World Championships Rome, Italy [73]
53 53.80 Bruijn, Inge deInge de Bruijn  Netherlands 28 May 2000 Super Speedo Grand Prix Sheffield, United Kingdom [74]
54 53.77 sf Bruijn, Inge deInge de Bruijn  Netherlands 20 Sep 2000 Olympic Games Sydney, Australia [75]
55 53.66 sf Lenton, LibbyLibby Lenton  Australia 31 Mar 2004 Australian Championships & Olympic Trials Sydney, Australia [76]
56 53.52 sf Henry, JodieJodie Henry  Australia 18 Aug 2004 Olympic Games Athens, Greece [77]
57 53.42 sf Lenton, LibbyLibby Lenton  Australia 31 Jan 2006 Australian Championships & Commonwealth Games Trials Melbourne, Australia [78]
58 53.30 Steffen, BrittaBritta Steffen  Germany 2 Aug 2006 European Championships Budapest, Hungary [79]
59 52.88 Trickett, LibbyLibby Trickett  Australia 27 Mar 2008 Australian Championships Sydney, Australia [80]
60 52.85 Steffen, BrittaBritta Steffen  Germany 25 Jun 2009 German Championships Berlin, Germany [81]
61 52.56 Steffen, BrittaBritta Steffen  Germany 27 Jun 2009 German Championships Berlin, Germany [82]
62 52.22 r Steffen, BrittaBritta Steffen  Germany 26 Jul 2009 World Championships Rome, Italy [83]
63 52.07 Steffen, BrittaBritta Steffen  Germany 31 Jul 2009 World Championships Rome, Italy [83]
64 52.06 Campbell, CateCate Campbell  Australia 2 July 2016 Australia Grand Prix Brisbane, Australia [84]
Legend: # – Record awaiting ratification by FINA; yd – set in a pool measured in yards;
Records not set in finals: h – heat; sf – semifinal; r – relay 1st leg; rh – relay heat 1st leg; b – B final; † – en route to final mark; tt – time trial

Short course

# Time Name Nationality Date Meet Location Ref
1 53.46 Almsick, Franziska vanFranziska van Almsick  Germany 6 Jan 1993 World Cup Shanghai, China [85]
2 53.33 Almsick, Franziska vanFranziska van Almsick  Germany 10 Jan 1993 World Cup Beijing, China [86]
3 53.01 Jingyi Le  China 2 Dec 1993 World SC Championships Palma de Mallorca, Spain
4 52.80 Alshammar, ThereseTherese Alshammar  Sweden 10 Dec 1999 European SC Championships Lisbon, Portugal [87]
5 52.17 Alshammar, ThereseTherese Alshammar  Sweden 17 Mar 2000 World SC Championships Athens, Greece [88][89]
6 51.91 (sf) Lenton, LibbyLibby Lenton  Australia 8 Aug 2005 Australian SC Championships Melbourne, Australia [90]
7 51.70 Lenton, LibbyLibby Lenton  Australia 9 Aug 2005 Australian SC Championships Melbourne, Australia [91]
8 51.01 Trickett, LibbyLibby Trickett  Australia 10 Aug 2009 Australian SC Championships Hobart, Australia [92]
9 50.91 † Campbell, CateCate Campbell  Australia 28 Nov 2015 Australian SC Championships Sydney, Australia [93]
Legend: # – Record awaiting ratification by FINA;
Records not set in finals: h – heat; sf – semifinal; r – relay 1st leg; rh – relay heat 1st leg; b – B final; † – en route to final mark; tt – time trial

References

  1. ↑ "Swimming World Record progression – Men 100 m freestyle" (PDF). International Olympic Committee. 8 July 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2007.
  2. ↑ "Hi-tech suits banned from January". BBC News. 2009-07-31. Archived from the original on 1 August 2012.
  3. ↑ https://swimswam.com/100-meter-freestyle-nathan-adrian-against-spitz-weissmuller-and-other-historic-greats/
  4. ↑ "The Olympic Games – The 100 metres race". The Times. London: Alfred Harmsworth. 21 July 1908. p. 13.
  5. ↑ "Three swimming records" (PDF). The New York Times. 16 April 1910. p. 13. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
  6. ↑ "The 100 metres record". The Sydney Morning Herald. John Fairfax and Sons. 24 July 1912. p. 9. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
  7. ↑ "Hawaiian swims close to record". The New York Times. 10 August 1918. p. 8.
  8. ↑ "Fick, New York Athletic Club ace, clips swim mark". The New York Times. 3 March 1934. p. 16.
  9. ↑ "18-man Yale swimming team sets record in one-mile relay at New Haven carnival". The New York Times. 6 March 1935. p. 26.
  10. ↑ "Fick breaks record in Yale swim meet". The New York Times. 12 February 1936. p. 28.
  11. ↑ "Ford clips swim record". The New York Times. Associated Press. 14 April 1944. p. 23.
  12. ↑ "Ford clips record for 100 free-style". The New York Times. Associated Press. 30 June 1948. p. 35.
  13. ↑ Werden, Lincoln A (2 April 1954). "Cleveland and Oyakawa set world swim marks at New Haven". The New York Times. p. 33.
  14. ↑ Clarkson, Alan (1 December 1956). "Devitt fails by touch in 100m duel with Henricks". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 15.
  15. ↑ Clarkson, Alan (20 January 1957). "Devitt's new sprint time surpasses Henricks". The Sun-Herald. p. 31.
  16. ↑ "John Devitt shatters three world swim records". The Courier-Mail. 29 January 1957. p. 9.
  17. ↑ "Clark, Stickles set world marks". The New York Times. Associated Press. 19 August 1961. p. 14.
  18. ↑ Wallechinsky, David (1996). "The Complete Book of the Olympics". Aurum Press Limited. p. 642.
  19. ↑ "Miss Meyer and Walsh break world swim records at Winnipeg". The New York Times. Associated Press. 28 July 1967. p. 23.
  20. ↑ Wallechinsky, David (1996). "The Complete Book of the Olympics". Aurum Press Limited. pp. 615–616.
  21. ↑ Webster, Jim (28 October 1968). "Wenden slashes world record". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 1.
  22. ↑ Litsky, Frank (24 August 1970). "Hall, Spitz and Kinsella break world marks as A. A. U. Title swimming ends". The New York Times. p. 46.
  23. ↑ "Spitz wins his fourth event in U. S. Olympic Swim Trails". The New York Times. 6 August 1972. p. 1.
  24. ↑ Amdur, Neil (4 September 1972). "Spitz captures record 6th gold medal". The New York Times. pp. 1 & 9.
  25. ↑ "Shaw shatters record for 1,500-meter swim". The New York Times. Associated Press. 22 June 1975. p. 6 of sports.
  26. ↑ "Coan betters world swim mark". The New York Times. Associated Press. 5 August 1975. p. 18.
  27. ↑ "2 world swim marks broken". The New York Times. Associated Press. 24 August 1975. p. 9 of sports.
  28. ↑ "Naber collects 4th swim gold medals". The New York Times. Associated Press. 25 July 1976. pp. 1 and 6 of sports.
  29. ↑ Amdur, Neil (26 July 1976). "Top feats by Montgomery, Strachan". The New York Times. pp. 15–16.
  30. ↑ Amdur, Neil (15 August 1976). "Skinner swims to mark". The New York Times. UPI. p. 5 of sports.
  31. ↑ "Freestyle Mark Set". The New York Times. 7 August 1985. Retrieved 2007-03-31.
  32. ↑ "Another Mark for Biondi". The New York Times. 8 August 1985. Retrieved 2007-03-31.
  33. ↑ "Best of Biondi". The Times. 26 June 1986. p. 48.
  34. ↑ Lingard, John; Eakins, Bevan (17 September 2000). "We smashed you like guitars!". The Sun-Herald. pp. 8–9.
  35. ↑ Cowley, Michael (20 September 2000). "Hoogie says he's hungry for seconds". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 6 of Olympics.
  36. ↑ "Bernard sets world 100m freestyle record". CNN. 21 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-21.
  37. ↑ LC EC 2008 "Official results list" Check |url= value (help) (PDF).
  38. ↑ 2008 "Beijing olympics website" Check |url= value (help).
  39. ↑ "Bernard of France wins Olympic 100 free". peoplestar.co.uk. 13 August 2008.
  40. ↑ Craig Lord (23 April 2009). "Bernard WR: First Sub-47 Man: 46.94 100 Free". Retrieved 2009-04-23.
  41. ↑ "PR 49 – FINA Approval of World Records". FINA. 22 June 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
  42. ↑ "Cielo is best: Brazilian knocks off France's Bernard, sets world record in 100 free at worlds". sportsnews. 30 July 2009.
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  44. ↑ (scm-m) Borges on top, The World of Swimming, 1993-06-08; retrieved 2012-03-24. Note: This story makes reference to Gross's 48.20 being "the time standard set by FINA in March 1991." (This may be an indication of when FINA started tracking/maintain SCM World records.)
  45. ↑ (scm-m) 47.94 segundos en los 100 metros libres (trans: 47.94 in the 100m free), published by the French Press Agency on 1993-07-04; retrieved from the website of El Pais <http://elpais.com> on 2012-03-24. Note: This source mentions that Borges's 47.94 bettered a time of 48.20 swum by Michael Gross.
  46. ↑ Wilkerson, William (29 March 2004). "Men's swim team gets third at NCAAs". The Daily Texan. Retrieved 2007-04-05.
  47. ↑ "Neethling smashes world record". 15 February 2005.
  48. ↑ "Pereira sets 200m medley record; Nystrand sets 50 freestyle mark". ESPN. 18 November 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-16.
  49. ↑ "Leveaux sets short-course record in 100 freestyle". International Herald Tribune. 12 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
  50. ↑ "Swimming Champion". The Sydney Morning Herald. John Fairfax and Sons. 11 July 1912. p. 12.
  51. ↑ "Ladies' Amateur Championships – Miss Durack establishes new record". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. 8 February 1915. p. 13. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  52. ↑ Philip, P. J. (24 August 1920). "U.S. Athletes win world's title in Games at Antwerp" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 17. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
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  56. ↑ "Miss Garatti keeps title, sets record". The New York Times. 9 August 1929. Retrieved 10 May 2013. (subscription required)
  57. ↑ "World's Record Set by Miss Holm in National Title Swim". The New York Times. 14 March 1930. p. 22 of sports. Retrieved 10 May 2013. (subscription required)
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  59. ↑ "World swim times fall". The Sun-Herald. Fairfax Media. 26 August 1956. p. 36.
  60. ↑ Clarkson, Alan (21 October 1956). "Five world times made by Lorraine". The Sun-Herald. Fairfax Media. p. 38.
  61. ↑ Clarkson, Alan (26 October 1956). "World swim time again to Lorraine". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. p. 8.
  62. ↑ Clarkson, Alan (2 December 1956). "3 places again to Australia – Dawn Fraser's swim record". The Sun-Herald. Fairfax Media. p. 43.
  63. ↑ Clarkson, Alan (19 February 1958). "Six world records set in 90 minutes". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. p. 15.
  64. ↑ Special reporter (23 July 1958). "Unbeaten night for Australia in swim events". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. AAP. p. 16.
  65. ↑ Clarkson, Alan (24 February 1960). "Six world times at swimming titles – 3 to Dawn Fraser". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. p. 17.
  66. ↑ Clarkson, Alan (24 October 1962). "Fraser, Berry at world swim times". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. p. 23.
  67. ↑ Clarkson, Alan (28 October 1962). "Champion's world time in 110 yds". The Sun-Herald. Fairfax Media. p. 67.
  68. ↑ Clarkson, Alan (25 November 1962). "Dawn Fraser's shock win to Canadian in 110 yards". The Sun-Herald. Fairfax Media. p. 52.
  69. ↑ Clarkson, Alan (1 March 1964). "Fraser and Berry in great form". The Sun-Herald. Fairfax Media. p. 52.
  70. ↑ "Swim contest a spectacular of records". The Sun-Herald. Fairfax Media. AAP, Reuters. 2 May 1971. p. 107.
  71. ↑ "Shane has done it again". The Sun-Herald. Fairfax Media. 9 January 1972. pp. 1–2.
  72. ↑ Litsky, Frank (2 March 1992). "U.S. woman set 100 freestyle mark". The New York Times. p. 47 of sports. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  73. ↑ Clarey, Christopher (6 September 1994). "Chinese women continue to pile up the medals and suspicions". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  74. ↑ Lord, Craig (29 May 2000). "De Bruijn makes waves". The Times. p. 6 of sports.
  75. ↑ Cowley, Michael (22 September 2000). "Dutch royal pair continue their reign over royal". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. p. 6 of Olympics.
  76. ↑ Cowley, Michael (1 April 2004). "Lenton sizzles to 100m world record". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 31 March 2007.
  77. ↑ Cowley, Michael (19 August 2004). "Henry breaks world record in semi-final". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 31 March 2007.
  78. ↑ Saltau, Chloe (1 February 2006). "Henry can only watch as Lenton grabs world record". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 31 March 2007.
  79. ↑ "German lays down gauntlet by beating Lenton's world mark". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. AAP. 4 August 2006. Retrieved 31 March 2007.
  80. ↑ "Two world records broken at Olympic trials". Herald Sun. News Limited. AAP. 27 March 2008. Retrieved 27 March 2008.
  81. ↑ Lord, Craig (25 June 2009). "Britta Steffen Hydrofoils To 52.85 WR 100 Free". SwimNews.com. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  82. ↑ Lord, Craig (27 June 2009). "Steffen Hydrofoils Once More: 52.56 WR 100m Free". SwimNews.com. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  83. 1 2 Lord, Craig (20 December 2009). "World Record Bull Run: The List In Full". SwimNews.com. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
  84. ↑ Robert Gibbs (2 July 2016). "Cate Campbell Breaks 100 Free World Record By .01 Seconds". swimswam.com. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
  85. ↑ "Sports Shorts". Associated Press, Xinhua News Agency. 6 January 1993. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
  86. ↑ "Swimming". The Los Angeles Times. Xinhua News Agency. 11 January 1993. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
  87. ↑ "Swimming – European Championships; 2 Swedes set records". The New York Times. 11 December 1999. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
  88. ↑ "Women's 100 m freestyle final results". Omega Timing. 17 March 2000. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
  89. ↑ "Colleges: Swimming; American men set mark in 800 relay". The New York Times. 18 March 2000. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
  90. ↑ "Lenton sets new mark". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. AAP. 8 August 2005. Retrieved 31 March 2007.
  91. ↑ "Lenton's in the pink with world record". The Age. Fairfax Media. AAP. 9 August 2005. Retrieved 31 March 2007.
  92. ↑ "Three WRs fall at short course champs". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 11 August 2009. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  93. ↑ Lord, Craig (November 28, 2015). "Cate Campbell: 50.91 The Fastest Four-Lap Free In History, WR Down To SW12.12". Swimvortex. Retrieved November 28, 2015.
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