William Lindsay Scruggs

William Lindsay Scruggs
United States Ambassador to Colombia
In office
July 24, 1873  October 26, 1876
President Ulysses S. Grant
Preceded by Stephen A. Hurlbut
Succeeded by Ernest Dichman
United States Ambassador to Colombia
In office
19 July 1882  15 December 1885
President Chester A. Arthur
Preceded by George Earl Maney
Succeeded by Charles Donald Jacob
United States Ambassador to Venezuela
In office
30 May 1889  15 December 1892
President Grover Cleveland
Preceded by Charles L. Scott
Succeeded by Frank C. Partridge
Personal details
Born 1836
Nashville, Tennessee
Died July 18, 1912(1912-07-18) (aged 76)
Atlanta, Georgia
Resting place unknown
Nationality American
Occupation Diplomat
Profession Journalist, Author, Lawyer

William Lindsay Scruggs (1836–1912) was an American author, lawyer, and diplomat. He was a scholar of South American foreign policy and U.S. ambassador to Colombia and Venezuela. He played a key role in the Venezuela Crisis of 1895 and helped shape the modern interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine.

Early life and ambassadorships

William L. Scruggs was born in Nashville in 1836.[1] He was a lawyer and journalist in addition to being a diplomat.

Scruggs was U.S. Minister to Colombia from July 24, 1873 to October 26, 1876 and again from July 19, 1882 to December 15, 1885.[2] In 1884 he became known as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, Colombia. Previously his title was simply Minister Resident, Colombia.

Scruggs was U.S. Minister to Venezuela from May 30, 1889 to December 15, 1892.[3] In 1889 he became known as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, Venezuela. Scruggs appeared to resign his ambassadorship to Venezuela in December 1892, but in fact had been dismissed by the US for bribing the President of Venezuela.[4]

Venezuela lobbyist

House Resolution 252

In 1893 Scruggs was recruited by the Venezuelan Government to operate on its behalf in Washington D.C. as a lobbyist and legal attache. As a lobbyist, Scruggs published the pamphlet entitled British Aggressions in Venezuela: The Monroe Doctrine on Trial. In the pamphlet, he attacked "British aggression" claiming that Venezuela was anxious to arbitrate over the Venezuela/British Guiana border dispute. Scruggs also claimed that British policies in the disputed territory violated the Monroe Doctrine of 1823.[5] It was this relationship that eventually led to his service as Special Counsel before the Boundary Commission, three years later.

Scruggs collaborated with Georgian compatriot Congressman Leonidas Livingston to propose House Resolution 252 to the third session of the 53rd Congress of the United States of America. The bill recommended Venezuela and Great Britain settle the dispute by arbitration. President Grover Cleveland signed it into law on February 20, 1895, after passing both houses of the United States Congress. The vote had been unanimous.

By December 17, 1895, President Cleveland delivered an address to the United States Congress which was perceived as direct threat of war with Great Britain if the British did not comply with Venezuelan demands (now openly championed by the United States). Almost immediately after Cleveland's statement to the United States Congress, the US military was put on combat alert for a potential war with Great Britain.

On December 18, 1895, Congress approved $100,000 for the United States Commission on the Boundary Between Venezuela and British Guiana. It was formally established on January 1, 1896. Jose Andrade, the Venezuelan Minister to Washington, on February 26, 1896 announced that Scruggs had been appointed by the Venezuelan President as his "agent charged with submitting information" to the United States Venezuela Boundary Commission, and to present "reports relative to the titles and rights of Venezuela."[6] An Arbitration Tribunal was agreed between the US and Britain in 1896, and this concluded in 1899. The Schomburgk Line was re-established as the border between British Guiana and Venezuela, which had been set in 1835. The Anglo-Venezuelan boundary dispute asserted for the first time a more outward-looking American foreign policy, particularly in the Western Hemisphere, marking the United States as a world power. This is the earliest example of modern interventionism under the Monroe Doctrine in which the USA exercised its claimed prerogatives in the Western Hemisphere.[7]

Later life

Scruggs retired to Atlanta, Georgia, where he died July 18, 1912.[1]

Bibliography

References

  1. 1 2 "W.L. Shruggs is dead; Ex-minister to Venezuela Helped to Settle Border Dispute with England" (PDF). New york Times. July 19, 1912.
  2. "US Ambassador to Colombia US government office". nndb.com. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
  3. "US Ambassador to Venezuela US government office". nndb.com. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
  4. R. A. Humphreys (1967), "Anglo-American Rivalries and the Venezuela Crisis of 1895", Presidential Address to the Royal Historical Society 10 December 1966, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 17: pp131-164
  5. Ishmael, Odeen (1998). "The Trail Of Diplomacy A Documentary History of the Guyana-Venezuela Border Issue".
  6. Ishmael, Odeen (1998). "The Trail Of Diplomacy A Documentary History of the Guyana-Venezuela Border Issue".
  7. Ferrell, Robert H. "Monroe Doctrine". ap.grolier.com. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
Stephen A. Hurlbut
United States Minister Resident, Colombia
July 24, 1873 – October 26, 1876
Succeeded by
Ernest Dichman
Preceded by
George Earl Maney
United States Minister Resident, Colombia
July 19, 1882 – December 04, 1884
Succeeded by
none (change of title)
Preceded by
none (change of title)
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, Colombia
December 04, 1884 – December 15, 1885
Succeeded by
Charles Donald Jacob
Preceded by
Charles L. Scott
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, Venezuela
May 30, 1889 – December 15, 1892
Succeeded by
Frank C. Partridge
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