William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne
| The Right Honourable The Viscount Melbourne PC FRS | |
|---|---|
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| Prime Minister of the United Kingdom | |
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In office 18 April 1835 – 30 August 1841 | |
| Monarch |
William IV Victoria |
| Preceded by | Sir Robert Peel, Bt |
| Succeeded by | Sir Robert Peel, Bt |
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In office 16 July 1834 – 14 November 1834 | |
| Monarch | William IV |
| Preceded by | The Earl Grey |
| Succeeded by | The Duke of Wellington |
| Leader of the Opposition | |
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In office 30 August 1841 – October 1842 | |
| Monarch | Victoria |
| Prime Minister | Sir Robert Peel, Bt |
| Preceded by | Sir Robert Peel, Bt |
| Succeeded by | Lord John Russell |
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In office 14 November 1834 – 18 April 1835 | |
| Monarch | William IV |
| Prime Minister | Sir Robert Peel, Bt |
| Preceded by | The Duke of Wellington |
| Succeeded by | Sir Robert Peel, Bt |
| Home Secretary | |
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In office 22 November 1830 – 16 July 1834 | |
| Prime Minister | The Earl Grey |
| Preceded by | Sir Robert Peel, Bt |
| Succeeded by | The Viscount Duncannon |
| Chief Secretary for Ireland | |
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In office 29 April 1827 – 21 June 1828 | |
| Prime Minister |
George Canning The Viscount Goderich The Duke of Wellington |
| Preceded by | Henry Goulburn |
| Succeeded by | Lord Francis Leveson-Gower |
| Personal details | |
| Born |
15 March 1779 London, England |
| Died |
24 November 1848 (aged 69) Brocket Hall, Hertfordshire |
| Political party | Whig |
| Spouse(s) | Lady Caroline Ponsonby (m. 1805; d. 1828) |
| Children | 2 |
| Alma mater | Trinity College, Cambridge |
| Religion | Church of England |
| Signature |
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William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, PC, FRS (15 March 1779 – 24 November 1848), usually addressed as Lord Melbourne, was a British Whig statesman who served as Home Secretary (1830–1834) and Prime Minister (1834 and 1835–1841). He is best known for his intense and successful mentoring of Queen Victoria, at ages 18–21, in the ways of politics. Historians have concluded that Melbourne does not rank high as a prime minister, for there were no great foreign wars or domestic issues to handle, he lacked major achievements, and he enunciated no grand principles. "But he was kind, honest and not self-seeking."[1] Melbourne was dismissed by King William IV in 1834, the last British prime minister to be dismissed by a monarch.
Early life
Born in London in 1779 to an aristocratic Whig family, William Lamb was the son of The 1st Viscount Melbourne and Elizabeth, Viscountess Melbourne (1751–1818), though his paternity was questioned. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge,[2] where he fell in with a group of Romantic Radicals that included Percy Bysshe Shelley and Lord Byron. Against the background of the Napoleonic Wars, Lamb served at home as captain (1803) and major (1804) in the Hertfordshire Volunteer Infantry.[3]
In 1805 he succeeded his elder brother as heir to his father's title and married Lady Caroline Ponsonby, an Anglo-Irish aristocrat. The next year he was elected to the British House of Commons as the Whig MP for Leominster. For the election in 1806 he was moved to the seat of Haddington Burghs and for the 1807 election he successfully stood for Portarlington (a seat he held until 1812).[4]
Lamb first came to general notice for reasons he would rather have avoided: his wife had a public affair with Lord Byron—she coined the famous characterisation of Byron as "mad, bad and dangerous to know".[5] The resulting scandal was the talk of Britain in 1812. In 1816 Lady Caroline published a Gothic novel Glenarvon, which portrayed both the marriage and her affair with Byron in a lurid fashion, which caused William even greater embarrassment, while the spiteful caricatures of leading society figures made them several influential enemies. Eventually the two reconciled and, though they separated in 1825, her death in 1828 affected him considerably.
In 1816 Lamb was returned for Peterborough by Whig grandee Lord Fitzwilliam. He told Lord Holland that he was committed to the Whig principles of the Glorious Revolution but not to "a heap of modern additions, interpolations, facts and fictions".[4] He therefore spoke against parliamentary reform and voted for the suspension of habeas corpus in 1817 when sedition was rife.[4]
Lamb's hallmark was finding the middle ground. Though a Whig, he accepted (29 April 1827) the post of Chief Secretary for Ireland in the moderate Tory governments of George Canning and Lord Goderich. Upon the death of his father in 1828 and his becoming The 2nd Viscount Melbourne, of Kilmore in the County of Cavan, he moved to the House of Lords. He had spent 25 years in the Commons as a backbencher and was not politically well known.[6]
Home Secretary: 1830–1834
When the Whigs came to power under Lord Grey in November 1830 Melbourne became Home Secretary in the new government. During the disturbances of 1830–32 he "acted both vigorously and sensitively, and it was for this function that his reforming brethren thanked him heartily".[4] In the aftermath of the Swing Riots of 1830–31 he countered the Tory magistrates' alarmism by refusing to resort to military force and instead he advocated magistrates' usual powers be fully enforced along with special constables and financial rewards for the arrest of rioters and rabble-rousers. He appointed a special commission to try approximately one thousand of those arrested and ensured that justice was strictly adhered to – one third were acquitted and most of the one-fifth sentenced to death were instead transported.[4] The disturbances over reform in 1831–32 were countered with the enforcement of the usual laws and again Melbourne refused to pass emergency legislation against sedition.[4]
Prime Minister: 1834, 1835–1841
After Lord Grey resigned as Prime Minister in July 1834, the King was forced to appoint another Whig to replace him, as the Tories were not strong enough to support a government. Melbourne was the man most likely to be both acceptable to the King and hold the Whig party together. Melbourne hesitated after receiving from Grey the letter from the King requesting him to visit him to discuss the formation of a government. Melbourne thought he would not enjoy the extra work that accompanied the office of Premier but he did not want to let his friends and party down. According to Charles Greville, Melbourne said to his secretary, Tom Young: "I think it's a damned bore. I am in many minds as to what to do". Young replied: "Why, damn it all, such a position was never held by any Greek or Roman: and if it only lasts three months, it will be worth while to have been Prime Minister of England [sic]." "By God, that's true," Melbourne said, "I'll go!"[7]
Compromise was the key to many of Melbourne's actions. As an aristocrat, he had a vested interest in the status quo. He was opposed to the Reform Act 1832 proposed by the Whigs, arguing that Catholic emancipation had not ended in the tranquility expected of it,[8] but reluctantly agreed that they were necessary to forestall the threat of revolution. Later he opposed the repeal of the Corn Laws arguing not only had Catholic emancipation failed, but also that the reform bill had not improved the condition of the people.[8] While he was less radical than many, when Lord Grey resigned (July 1834), Melbourne was widely seen as the most acceptable replacement among the Whig leaders and became Prime Minister.
King William IV's opposition to the Whigs' reforming ways led him to dismiss Melbourne in November. He then gave the Tories under Sir Robert Peel an opportunity to form a government. Peel's failure to win a House of Commons majority in the resulting general election (January 1835) made it impossible for him to govern, and the Whigs returned to power under Melbourne in April 1835. This was the last time a British monarch attempted to appoint a government against a parliamentary majority.[9]
Blackmailed
The next year, Melbourne was once again involved in a sex scandal. This time he was the victim of attempted blackmail from the husband of a close friend, society beauty and author Caroline Norton. The husband demanded £1,400, and when he was turned down he accused Melbourne of having an affair with his wife.[10] At this time such a scandal would be enough to derail a major politician, so it is a measure of the respect contemporaries had for his integrity that Melbourne's government did not fall. The king and the Duke of Wellington urged him to stay on as prime minister. After Norton failed in court, Melbourne was vindicated, but he did stop seeing Mrs Norton.[11]
Nonetheless, as historian Boyd Hilton concludes, "it is irrefutable that Melbourne's personal life was problematic. Spanking sessions with aristocratic ladies were harmless, not so the whippings administered to orphan girls taken into his household as objects of charity."[12]
Queen Victoria
Melbourne was Prime Minister when Queen Victoria came to the throne (June 1837). Barely eighteen, she was only just breaking free from the domineering influence of her mother, the Duchess of Kent, and her mother's adviser, Sir John Conroy. Over the next four years Melbourne trained her in the art of politics and the two became friends: Victoria was quoted as saying she considered him like a father (her own had died when she was only eight months old), and Melbourne's son had died at a young age.[13] Melbourne was given a private apartment at Windsor Castle, and unfounded rumours circulated for a time that Victoria would marry Melbourne, 40 years her senior. Tutoring Victoria was the climax of Melbourne's career—the prime minister spent four to five hours a day visiting and writing to her, and she responded with enthusiasm and grew in wisdom.[14]
Continued rule
On 7 May 1839 Melbourne announced his intention to resign. This led to the Bedchamber Crisis. Prospective prime minister Robert Peel requested that Victoria dismiss some of the wives and daughters of Whig MPs who made up her personal entourage, arguing that the monarch should avoid any hint of favouritism to a party out of power. As the Queen refused to comply, supported by Melbourne although unaware that Peel had not requested the resignation of all the Queen's ladies as she had led him to believe, Peel refused to form a new government and Melbourne was persuaded to stay on as Prime Minister.
Melbourne left a considerable list of reforming legislation—not as long as that of Lord Grey, but worthy nonetheless. Among his government's acts were a reduction in the number of capital offences, reforms of local government, and the reform of the Poor laws. This restricted the terms on which the poor were allowed relief and established compulsory admission to workhouses for the impoverished.
On 25 February 1841, he was admitted a Fellow of the Royal Society.[15]
Final vote of no confidence and resignation
Following a vote of no confidence initiated by Conservative MP John Stuart-Wortley, Melbourne's government fell for the second time, and he resigned as Prime Minister on 30 August 1841.[16]
Later life (1841–1848)
Even after Melbourne resigned permanently in August 1841, Victoria continued writing to him but eventually the correspondence ceased as it was seen as inappropriate. Melbourne's role faded away as Victoria came to rely on her new husband Prince Albert as well as on herself.
Melbourne survived, but was weakened by, a stroke suffered fourteen months after his departure from politics. In retirement he lived at Melbourne Hall, Derbyshire, where he died on 24 November 1848.[17]
At his death, Melbourne was buried at St Etheldreda's Church, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, where later Prime Minister Lord Salisbury is also interred.
On his death his titles passed to his brother Frederick, as both of his children—a son, George Augustus Frederick (b. 1807) and a premature daughter (b. 1809)—had predeceased him.
Legacy
The city of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, was named in his honour in March 1837, as he was the Prime Minister of Great Britain at the time.
Another lasting memorial is his favourite, and most famous, dictum in politics: "Why not leave it alone?", quoted by those who object to change for change's sake.
Melbourne's governments
- First Melbourne Ministry (1834)
- Second Melbourne Ministry (1835–1839)
- Third Melbourne Ministry (1839–1841)
Notes
- ↑ J. A. Cannon "Melbourne, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount", in John Cannon, ed., The Oxford Companion to British History (2009) p 634
- ↑ "Lamb, the Hon. Henry William (LM796HW)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
- ↑ History of Parliament article by R.G. Thorne.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Peter Mandler, "Lamb, William, second Viscount Melbourne (1779–1848)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 27 Dec 2009.
- ↑ "Ireland: Poetic justice at home of Byron's exiled lover". The Sunday Times. London. 17 November 2002. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
'Mad, bad and dangerous to know' has become Lord Byron’s lasting epitaph. Lady Caroline Lamb coined the phrase after her first meeting with the poet at a society event in 1812.
- ↑ Henry Dunckley, Lord Melbourne p 135
- ↑ Cecil, David (2001). The Young Melbourne & Lord M. W&N. p. 321. ISBN 9781842124970.
- 1 2 Cecil, David, Melbourne, (Indianapolis, 1954), p.422
- ↑ Newbould, I. D. C. (1976). "William IV and the Dismissal of the Whigs, 1834". Canadian Journal of History. 11 (3): 311–30.
- ↑ Wroath, John (1998). Until They Are Seven, The Origins os Women's Legal Rights. Waterside Press. ISBN 1 872 870 57 0.
- ↑ David Cecil, Melbourne (1954) ch 11
- ↑ Boyd Hilton, A Mad, Bad, and Dangerous People? England 1783–1846 (2006), p. 500.
- ↑ "History of William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
- ↑ Cecil, Melbourne ch 14
- ↑ "Lists of Royal Society Fellows". Retrieved 15 December 2006.
- ↑ "CONFIDENCE IN THE MINISTRY— ADJOURNED DEBATE (FIFTH DAY).". Hansard. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
- ↑ Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. 18, 11th Edition
Bibliography
- Hilton, Boyd (2006). A Mad, Bad, and Dangerous People? England 1783–1846. Oxford.
- Cameron, R. H. (1976). "The Melbourne Administration, the Liberals and the Crisis of 1841". Durham University Journal. 69 (1).
- Cecil, David (1954). Melbourne. London. major biography focused on his psychology
- Cecil, David (1939). The Young Melbourne: And the Story of His Marriage with Caroline Lamb.
- Dunkley, Henry ("VERAX") (1890). Lord Melbourne.
- Mandler, Peter (1 January 2008) [1 September 2004]. "Lamb, William, second Viscount Melbourne (1779–1848)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press,. Retrieved 27 Dec 2009.
- Marshall, Dorothy (1976). Lord Melbourne.
- Mitchell, L. G. (1997). Lord Melbourne, 1779-1848.
- Newbould, I. D. C. (December 1976). "William IV and the Dismissal of the Whigs, 1834". Canadian Journal of History. 11 (3).
- Newbould, Ian D. C. (1980). "Whiggery and the Dilemma of Reform: Liberals, Radicals, and the Melbourne Administration, 1835-9". Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research. 53 (128).
- Ziegler, Philip (1976). Melbourne: A Life of William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. London.
Primary sources
- Lloyd Charles Sanders, ed. (1889). "Lord Melbourne's papers".
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. |
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Wikiquote has quotations related to: William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne |
- Leigh Rayment's Peerage Pages
- Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs
- thepeerage
- Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by William Lamb
- William Lamb, 2nd viscount Melbourne in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
- More about William Lamb, Viscount Melbourne on the Downing Street website
- Historica's Heritage Minute video docudrama "Responsible Government" (Adobe Flash Player)
- "Archival material relating to William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne". UK National Archives.
- Portraits of William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne at the National Portrait Gallery, London
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