Persicaria hydropiper

Water-pepper
1832 illustration[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Core eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Polygonaceae
Genus: Persicaria
Species: P. hydropiper
Binomial name
Persicaria hydropiper
(L.) Delabre 1800
Synonyms[2]

Water-pepper, water pepper or marshpepper knotweed (Persicaria hydropiper, syn. Polygonum hydropiper) is a plant of the family Polygonaceae. It grows in damp places and shallow water. It is a widespread plant, found in Australia, New Zealand, temperate Asia, Europe, and North America.[3][4][5][6] It has some use as a spice because of its pungent flavor.

Description

Water pepper is an annual herb with an erect stem growing to a height of 20 to 70 cm (8 to 28 in). The leaves are alternate and almost stalkless. The leaf blades are narrowly ovate and have entire margins fringed by very short hairs. They are tapering with a blunt apex. Each leaf base has stipules which are fused into a stem-enclosing sheath that is loose and fringed at the upper end. The inflorescence is a nodding spike. The perianth of each tiny flower consists of four or five segments, united near its green base and white or pink at the edges. There are six stamens, three fused carpels and three styles. The fruit is a dark brown oval, flattened nut.[7]

Active ingredients

Water-pepper has several active ingredients. Two bicyclic sesquiterpenoids are present, polygodial (tadeonal, an unsaturated dialdehyde with a drimane backbone) and waburganal, which has been found responsible for the pungent taste (hence its edibility).[8] The plant also contains rutin, a source of the bitter taste impression.

The plant contains an essential oil (0.5%) which consists of monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids: α-pinene, β-pinene, 1,4-cineol, fenchone, α-humulene, β-caryophyllene, trans-β-bergamotene. Carboxylic acids (cinnamic, valeric and caproic acid) and their esters were present in traces. The composition depends strongly on genetic factors.

Edibility

In Japan this plant's leaves are used as a vegetable - these are from the cultivar, not the wild type which has a far more pungent taste. Wild waterpepper produces oils that cause skin irritation,[9] and the many acids in its tissues, including formic acid, make the plant unpalatable to livestock.[10] Young red sprouts are used as a sashimi garnish, and are known as beni-tade (紅蓼, red water pepper). Though livestock do not eat the wild type, some insects do, giving rise to the Japanese saying Tade kuu mushi mo sukizuki (蓼食う虫も好き好き, Some insects eat water pepper and like it), which may be translated as “There is no accounting for taste.” or more narrowly “Some prefer nettles.”

The seeds of the water-pepper may be added to wasabi.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Persicaria hydropiper.

Water-pepper sauce are known as Tade-zu (蓼酢, water pepper vinegar) is a sauce traditionally made from finely chopped Water-pepper leaves, soaked in vinegar, and a small amount of steamed-rice. Occasionally, the juice from a squeezed Kabosu is added. In Japanese cuisine it is traditionally used as a complement to grilled Freshwater fish (but usually not other grilled fishes).

References

  1. ↑ illustration From: La flore et la pomone françaises, ou histoire et figures en couleur, des fleurs et des fruits de France ou naturalisés sur le sol français by Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire. Paris, the author, 1832, volume 5 (plate 485).
  2. ↑ The Plant List, Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre
  3. ↑ Flora of China, Polygonum hydropiper Linnaeus, 1753. 辣蓼 la liao
  4. ↑ Dennis I. Morris DI (2009) Polygonaceae, version 2009:1. In MF Duretto (Ed.) Flora of Tasmania Online. 17 pp. (Tasmanian Herbarium, Tasmanian Museum & Art Gallery: Hobart). ISBN 978-1-921599-30-9 (PDF). www.tmag.tas.gov.au/floratasmania
  5. ↑ Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map
  6. ↑ Altervista Flora Italiana, Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach includes photos, drawings, European distribution map
  7. ↑ "Water pepper: Persicaria hydropiper". NatureGate. Retrieved 2013-12-30.
  8. ↑ Jonassohn, M. (1996). Sesquiterpenoid unsaturated dialdehydes - Structural properties that affect reactivity and bioactivity. Doctoral thesis, Lund University, Sweden. ISBN 91-628-2215-2. "". External link in |title= (help);  (730 KiB)
  9. ↑ Flora of North America
  10. ↑ Illinois Wildflowers
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