Vipera

Vipera
Asp viper, V. aspis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Viperidae
Subfamily: Viperinae
Genus: Vipera
Laurenti, 1768
Synonyms [1]
  • Vipera Laurenti, 1768
  • Pelias Merrem, 1820
  • Chersea Fleming, 1822
  • Rhinaspis Bonaparte, 1834
  • Rhinechis Fitzinger, 1843
  • Echidnoides Mauduyt, 1844
  • Mesocoronis A.F. Reuss, 1927
  • Teleovipera A.F. Reuss, 1927
  • Acridophaga A.F. Reuss, 1927
  • Mesovipera A.F. Reuss, 1927
  • Mesohoronis A.F. Reuss, 1927
  • Mesohorinis A.F. Reuss, 1927
  • Latastea A.F. Reuss, 1929
  • Tzarevcsya A.F. Reuss, 1929
  • Latasteopara A.F. Reuss, 1935
Common names: Palaearctic vipers,[2] Eurasian vipers.[3]

Vipera is a genus of venomous vipers. It has a very wide range, being found from North Africa to just within the Arctic Circle and from Great Britain to Pacific Asia.[3] The name is possibly derived from the Latin words vivus and pario, meaning "alive" and "bear" or "bring forth"; likely a reference to the fact that most vipers bear live young.[4] Currently, 23 species are recognized.[5]

Description

The members of this genus tend to be stout and small in size, the largest of them, Vipera ammodytes, can reach a maximum length of 95 cm and the smallest, Vipera monticola, reaches a maximum length of 40 cm. The heads of the members of this genus are clearly separated from the body, they are triangular in shape and in most species are covered in small scales, although in some species, notably Vipera berus, have small plates on the top of their heads. These old world vipers tend to have a single nasal scale that may sometime be fused with a prenasal scale like in the case of Vipera albicornuta. Most species have large supraocular scales that tend to extend beyond the posterior margin of the eye. Some species also have some sort of horn on the head, either right behind the nasal scale, or behind the supraocular scales. The color scheme and camouflage of the members of this genus vary widely, from a grayish ground color with dark brown transverse bands in the case of Vipera albizona to browner colors with grey transverse bands edged with black in the case of Vipera ammodytes[3].

Geographic range

They can be found all around the "Old world", hence the common name of the genus, "Old World Vipers". they can be found most notably in Europe, from Portugal to Turkey. They can also be found on some islands in the Mediterranean sea (Sicily, Elba and Montecristo), the United Kingdom. They can also be found in the Maghreb region of Africa with species living in morocco (Vipera monticola) and northern parts of Algeria and Tunisia in the case of Vipera latastei. Many species can also be found in the Caucasus mountains, parts of Iraq, Jordan, Israel and Syria. Only one species (V. berus) discovered so far lives in Asia, most notably North Korea, northern China and northern Mongolia[3].

Habitat

Most species prefer cooler environments. Those found at lower latitudes tend to prefer higher altitudes and dryer, rocky habitats, while the species that occur at more northern latitudes prefer lower elevations and environments that have more vegetation and moisture.[3]

Behavior

All species are terrestrial.[3]

Reproduction

All members are viviparous, giving birth to live young.[3]

Venom

Most Vipera species have venom that contains both neurotoxic and hemotoxic components. Bites vary widely in severity. V. ammodytes is most likely the one with the most toxic venom. In a study solely involving mice, Brown (1973) shows that the LD50 is about 1.2/mg/kg through an IV, 1.5 mg/Kg when injected in the Peritonium (IP) and 2.0 mg/kg when administered SC[6] V. berus venom is considered to be on the lower end of the scale when it comes to toxicity, (Minton, 1974) suggests that the LD50 values for mice are about 0.55 mg/kg IV, 0.80 mg/kg IP and 6.45 mg SC.[7] Venom yield tends to be lower in this species with Minton citing 10–18 mg per bite in specimens 48–62 cm while Brown suggest only 6 mg for the same sized specimens. However, bites from Vipera species are rarely as severe as those from larger Macrovipera or Daboia.[3]

Species

Species[1] Taxon author[1] Subsp.* Common name Geographic range[1]
V. albicornuta Nilson & Andrén, 1985 0 Iranian mountain viper The Zanjan Valley and surrounding mountains in northwestern Iran.
V. albizona Nilson, Andrén & Flärdh, 1990 0 Central Turkish mountain viper Central Turkey.
V. ammodytes (Linnaeus, 1758) 4 Horned viper North-eastern Italy, southern Slovakia, western Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, Republic of Macedonia, Greece (including Macedonia and Cyclades), Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, Georgia and Syria.
V. aspisT (Linnaeus, 1758) 4 Asp viper France, Andorra, northeastern Spain, extreme southwestern Germany, Switzerland, Monaco, the islands of Elba and Montecristo, Sicily, Italy, San Marino and northwestern Slovenia.
V. barani Böhme & Joger, 1984 0 Baran's adder Northwestern Turkey.
V. berus (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 Common European adder From western Europe (Great Britain, Scandinavia, France) across central (Italy, Albania, Bulgaria and northern Greece) and eastern Europe to north of the Arctic Circle, and Russia to the Pacific Ocean, Sakhalin Island, North Korea, northern Mongolia and northern China.
V. bornmuelleri F. Werner, 1898 0 Bornmuellers viper Golan Heights, southern Lebanon and Syria.
V. bulgardaghica Nilson & Andrén, 1985 0 Bulgardagh viper The Bulgar Dagh (Bolkar Dagi) mountains, Nigde Province, south central Anatolia, Turkey.
V. darevskii Vedmederja, Orlov & Tuniyev, 1986 0 Darevsky's viper The southeastern Dzavachet Mountains in Armenia and adjacent areas in Georgia.
V. dinniki Nikolsky, 1913 0 Dinnik's viper Russia (Great Caucasus) and Georgia (high mountain basin of the Inguri River), eastward to Azerbaijan.
V. kaznakovi Nikolsky, 1909 0 Caucasus viper Northeastern Turkey, Georgia and Russia (eastern Black Sea coast.
V. latastei Boscá, 1878 1 Lataste's viper Extreme southwestern Europe (France, Portugal and Spain) and northwestern Africa (the Mediterranean region of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia).
V. latifii Mertens, Darevsky & Klemmer, 1967 0 Latifi's viper Iran: upper Lar Valley in the Elburz Mountains.
V. lotievi Nilson et al., 1995 0 Caucasian meadow viper The higher range of the Big Caucasus: Russia, Georgia and Azerbaijan.
V. monticola Saint-Girons, 1954 0 Atlas mountain viper High Atlas Mountains, Morocco.
V. nikolskii Vedmederja, Grubant & Rudajewa, 1986 0 Nikolsky's viper Central Ukraine.
V. orlovi [8] Tuniyev & Ostrovskikh, 2001 0 Orlov's viper[9] Western Caucasus.
V. palaestinae F. Werner, 1938 0 Palestine viper Syria, Jordan, Israel and Lebanon.
V. pontica Billing, Nilson & Sattler, 1990 0 Pontic adder Known only from the Coruh valley in Artvin Province, northeastern Turkey.
V. raddei Boettger, 1890 0 Rock viper Eastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and probably Iraq.
V. seoanei Lataste, 1879 1 Baskian viper Extreme southwestern France and the northern regions of Spain and Portugal.
V. ursinii (Bonaparte, 1835) 0 Meadow viper Southeastern France, eastern Austria (extinct), Hungary, central Italy, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, northern and northeastern Albania, Romania, northern Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, northwestern Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia and across the Khazakstan, Kirgizia and eastern Uzbekistan steppes to China (Xinjiang).
V. wagneri Nilson & Andrén, 1984 0 Ocellated mountain viper The mountains of eastern Turkey and adjacent northwest Iran.
V. xanthina (Gray, 1849) 0 Rock viper Extreme northeastern Greece, the Greek islands of Symi, Kos, Kalimnos, Leros, Lipsos, Patmos, Samos, Chios and Lesbos, European Turkey, the western half of Anatolia (inland eastward to Kayseri), and islands (e.g. Chalki, Kastellórizon [Meis Adasi]) of the Turkish mainland shelf.

* Not including the nominate subspecies. T: type species

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré TA. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. ↑ Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa: Natural History, Species Directory, Venoms and Snakebite. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books/Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
  4. ↑ Gotch AF. 1986. Reptiles -- Their Latin Names Explained. Poole, UK: Blandford Press. 176 pp. ISBN 0-7137-1704-1.
  5. ↑ "Vipera". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 13 August 2006.
  6. ↑ Brown JH. 1973. Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. 184 pp. LCCCN 73-229. ISBN 0-398-02808-7.
  7. ↑ Minton SA Jr. 1974. Venom Diseases. Springfield, Illinois: CC Thomas Publ. 256 pp. ISBN 978-0-398-03051-3.
  8. ↑ "Vipera orlovi ". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
  9. ↑ Beolens B, Watkins M, Grayson M. 2011. The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Vipera orlovi, pp. 196-197).

Further reading

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