Utu
| Utu | |
|---|---|
| Sun god, God of Truth, Salvation, and Justice | |
| Symbol | Mace, Saw, Sun rays from shoulders, Sun Disk |
| Parents | Nanna and Ningal |
| Siblings | Inanna (twin), Ishkur, Ereshkigal |
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Utu (Akkadian rendition[1][2] of Sumerian dUD 𒀭𒌓 "Sun",[3] Assyro-Babylonian Shamash "Sun") is the Sun god in Sumerian mythology, the son of the moon god Nanna and the goddess Ningal. His brother and sisters are Ishkur, Ereshkigal, and his twin sister Inanna. His center cult was located in the city of Larsa.
Utu is the god of the sun, justice, application of law, and the lord of truth. He is usually depicted as wearing a horned helmet and carrying a saw-edged weapon not unlike a pruning saw. It is thought that every day, Utu emerges from a mountain in the east, symbolizing dawn, and travels either via chariot or boat across the Earth, returning to a hole in a mountain in the west, symbolizing sunset. Every night, Utu descends into the underworld to decide the fate of the dead. He is also depicted as carrying a mace, and standing with one foot on a mountain. Its symbol is "sun rays from the shoulders, and or sun disk or a saw".
The sun god is only modestly mentioned in Sumerian mythology with one of the notable exceptions being the Epic of Gilgamesh. In the myth, Gilgamesh seeks to establish his name with the assistance of Utu, because of his connection with the cedar mountain. Gilgamesh and his father, Lugalbanda were kings of the first dynasty of Uruk, a lineage that Jeffrey H. Tigay suggested could be traced back to Utu himself. He further suggested that Lugalbanda's association with the sun-god in the Old Babylonian version of the epic strengthened "the impression that at one point in the history of the tradition the sun-god was also invoked as an ancestor".[4]
Marduk is spelled dAMAR.UTU in Sumerian, literally, "the calf of Utu" or "the young bull of the Sun".
| An | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ninḫursaḡ | Enki born to Namma | Ninkikurga born to Namma | Nidaba born to Uraš | Ḫaya | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ninsar | Ninlil | Enlil | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ninkurra | Ningal maybe daughter of Enlil | Suen | Nergal maybe son of Enki | Ninurta maybe born to Ninḫursaḡ | Baba born to Uraš | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Uttu | Inana maybe daughter of Enki | Dumuzī maybe son of Enki | Utu | Ninkigal married Nergal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Meškiaḡḡašer | Banda | Ninsumun | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Enmerkar | Gilgāmeš | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Urnungal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See also
References
- ↑ http://www.sumerian.org/sumlogo.htm s.v. "babbar(2)"
- ↑ Frederick Augustus Vanderbergh : Sumerian Hymns from Cuneiform Texts in the British Museum. Columbia University Press, 1908. p. 53.
- ↑ Kasak, Enn; Veede, Raul (2001). Mare Kõiva; Andres Kuperjanov, eds. "Understanding Planets in Ancient Mesopotamia (PDF)" (PDF). Electronic Journal of Folklore. Estonian Literary Museum. 16: 7–35. doi:10.7592/fejf2001.16.planets. ISSN 1406-0957. The Sumerian cuneiform character is encoded in Unicode at U+12313 𒌓 (Borger nr. 381). Borger's 381 is U4. http://www.sron.nl/~jheise/signlists/top20.html
- ↑ Jeffrey H. Tigay (November 2002). The evolution of the Gilgamesh epic. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. pp. 76–. ISBN 978-0-86516-546-5. Retrieved 29 June 2011.