Black Rod

United Kingdom Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod
Incumbent Lt Gen David Leakey CMG CBE since 1 February 2011
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Reports to	Clerk of the Parliaments
Appointer	The Crown (de jure) Clerk of the Parliaments (de facto)
Formation	1350
First holder	Walter Whitehorse (known)
Deputy	Yeoman Usher of the Black Rod
Website	Parliamentary information page

Caricature from Vanity Fair of Admiral Sir Augustus W.J. Clifford, 1st Bt, as Black Rod.

The Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod, generally shortened to Black Rod, is an official in the parliaments of several Commonwealth countries. The position originates in the House of Lords of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

In the United Kingdom, Black Rod is responsible for maintaining the buildings, services, and security of the Palace of Westminster.

Origin

The office was created in 1350 by royal letters patent, though the current title dates from 1522. The position was adopted by other members of the Commonwealth when they adopted the British Westminster system. The title is derived from the staff of office, an ebony staff topped with a golden lion, which is the main symbol of the office's authority.

United Kingdom

Appointment

Black Rod is formally appointed by the Crown based on a recruitment search performed by the Clerk of the Parliaments, to whom he reports. Prior to 2002 the office rotated among retired senior officers from the Royal Navy, the British Army and the Royal Air Force. It is now advertised openly. Black Rod is an officer of the English Order of the Garter, and is usually appointed Knight Bachelor if not already knighted. His deputy is the Yeoman Usher of the Black Rod.^[1]

Official duties

He is responsible, as the representative of the Administration and Works Committee, for maintaining the buildings, services, and security of the Palace of Westminster. Black Rod's official duties also include responsibility as the usher and doorkeeper at meetings of the Most Noble Order of the Garter; the personal attendant of the Sovereign in the Lords; as secretary to the Lord Great Chamberlain and as the Serjeant-at-Arms and Keeper of the Doors of the House, in charge of the admission of strangers to the House of Lords. Either Black Rod or his deputy, the Yeoman Usher, is required to be present when the House of Lords, the upper house of Parliament, is in session, and plays a role in the introduction of all new Lords Temporal in the House (but not of bishops as new Lords Spiritual). Black Rod also arrests any Lord guilty of breach of privilege or other Parliamentary offence, such as contempt or disorder, or the disturbance of the House's proceedings. His equivalent for security in the House of Commons is the Serjeant at Arms.

Black Rod, along with his deputy, is responsible for organizing ceremonial events within the Palace of Westminster, providing leadership in guiding the significant logistics of running such events.

Ceremonial duties

Mace

Black Rod is in theory responsible for carrying the Mace into and out of the chamber for the Speaker of the House of Lords (formerly the Lord Chancellor, now the Lord Speaker), though this role is delegated to the Yeoman Usher and Deputy Serjeant-at-Arms, or on judicial occasions, to the Lord Speaker's deputy, the Assistant Serjeant-at-Arms. The mace was introduced in 1876.

State Opening of Parliament

Black Rod is best known for his part in the ceremonies surrounding the State Opening of Parliament and the Throne speech. He summons the Commons to attend the speech and leads them to the Lords. As part of the ritual, as Black Rod approaches the doors to the chamber of the House of Commons to make his summons, they are slammed in his face. This is to symbolize the Commons' independence of the Sovereign. Black Rod then strikes the door three times with his staff, and is then admitted and issues the summons of the monarch to attend.^[2]

This ritual is derived from the attempt by King Charles I to arrest the Five Members in 1642, in what was seen as a breach of the constitution. This and prior actions of the King led to the Civil War. After that incident, the House of Commons has maintained its right to question the right of the monarch's representative to enter their chamber, although they cannot bar him from entering with lawful authority. In recent years, Black Rod has received jibes on this annual occasion from the outspoken Labour MP Dennis Skinner.^[3]

List of Black Rods in England, Great Britain and the UK from 1361

• c.1361–1387: Walter Whitehorse
• 1387–1399: John Cray
• 1399–1410: Thomas Sy
• 1410–1413: John Sheffield
• 1413–1415: John Athelbrigg
• 1415–1418: William Hargroave
• 1418–1423: John Clifford
• 1423–1428: John Carsons
• 1428–1459: William Pope
• 1438–1459: Robert Manfield (joint)
• 1459–1461: John Penycok
• 1461–1471: vacant?
• 1471–1485: William Evington
• 1483–1485: Edward Hardgill (joint)
• 1485–1489: Robert Marleton
• 1489–1513: Ralph Assheton
• 1495–1513: Hugh Dennys (joint)
• 1513–1526: Sir William Compton
• 1526–1536: Henry Norreys
• 1536–1543: Anthony Knyvett
• 1543–1554: Sir Philip Hoby
• 1554–1565: John Norreys
• 1554–1591: Sir William Norreys (joint)
• 1591–1593: Anthony Wingfield
• 1593–1598: Simon Bowyer
• 1598–1620: Richard Coningsby
• 1605–1620: George Pollard (joint)
• 1620–1642: James Maxwell
• 1642–1661: James Maxwell and Alexander Thayne (Parliamentary)
• 1645–1661: Peter Newton (Royalist)
• 1661–1671: Sir John Ayton
• 1671–1683: Sir Edward Carteret
• 1683–1694: Sir Thomas Duppa
• 1694–25 August 1698: Sir Fleetwood Sheppard
• 5 December 1698 – 1 June 1710: Admiral Sir David Mitchell
• 1710–1718: Sir William Oldes
• 1718–1727: Sir William Saunderson, 1st Baronet
• 1727–1747: Sir Charles Dalton
• 1747–1760: Sir Henry Bellenden
• 1760 – 6 September 1765: Sir Septimus Robinson
• 1765 – 1812: Sir Francis Molyneux, 7th Baronet
• 1812 – 25 July 1832: Sir Thomas Tyrwhitt
• 25 July 1832 – 8 February 1877: Admiral Sir Augustus Clifford
• 3 May 1877 – 23 June 1883: General Sir William Knollys
• 24 July 1883 – 7 October 1895: Admiral Sir James Drummond
• 16 December 1895^[4] to 23 July 1901 ^[5] - Lieutenant-General Sir Michael Biddulph
• August 1904 – 16 December 1919: Admiral Sir Henry Stephenson
• January 1920 – 14 May 1941: Lieutenant-General Sir William Pulteney
• October 1941 – 15 August 1944: Air Chief Marshal Sir William Mitchell
• January 1945 – 18 January 1949: Vice Admiral Sir Geoffrey Blake
• 18 January 1949 – 18 June 1963: Lieutenant-General Sir Brian Horrocks
• 18 June 1963 – October 1970: Air Chief Marshal Sir George Mills
• October 1970 – 18 January 1978: Admiral Sir Frank Twiss
• 18 January 1978 – January 1985: Lieutenant-General Sir David House^[6]
• January 1985 – January 1992: Air Chief Marshal Sir John Gingell
• January 1992 – 8 May 1995: Admiral Sir Richard Thomas
• 9 May 1995 – 8 May 2001: General Sir Edward Jones
• 9 May 2001 – 30 April 2009: Lieutenant-General Sir Michael Willcocks
• 30 April 2009 – 28 October 2010: Lieutenant-General Sir Frederick Viggers
• 21 December 2010 – Present: Lieutenant-General David Leakey^[7]

List of Serjeants-at-Arms of the House of Lords

incomplete before 1660

• 1660: Humphrey Leigh
• 1668: Edward Wood (in Extraordinary; did not succeed to the reversion)
• 1671: Sir George Charnock (in Extraordinary)
• 1673: Sir George Charnock (in Ordinary) jointly with Roger Charnock^[8]
• 1697: Peter Persehouse^[8]
• 1713: Sarles Goatley^[8]
• 1713: Charles Stone^[8]
• 1716: Francis Jephson
• 1745: Richard Jephson^[8][9]
• 1789: William Watson^[8][9]
• 1818: George Francis Seymour^[9][10]
• 1841: Alexander Perceval^[9][10]
• 1858: Colonel Sir Wellington Patrick Manvers Chetwynd Talbot^[10]
• 1899: Major-General Sir Arthur Edward Augustus Ellis^[10]
• 1901: Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Fleetwood Isham Edwards^[10]
• 1910: Major-General Sir Stanley de Astel Clarke
• 5 November 1910: Captain Sir Seymour John Fortescue^[11]
• 1 February 1936: Major-General Sir Charles Edward Corkran^[12]
• 17 March 1939: Admiral Sir Herbert Maude-Featherstonhaugh^[13]
• 2 December 1946: Air Vice-Marshal Sir Paul Copeland Maltby^[14]
• 17 March 1962: Captain Kenneth Lachlan Mackintosh^[15]
• 1 January 1971: Admiral Sir Frank Roddam Twiss^[16]

Since 1971 the office of Serjeant at Arms has been held by the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod.

Gentlemen Ushers of the Black Rod in Ireland

Before the Act of Union of 1800, which united the Kingdom of Ireland with the Kingdom of Great Britain to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, there was also a Black Rod in the Irish House of Lords. From 1783 the Irish Black Rod was also Usher of the Order of St Patrick, so the office continued after the Union. No-one was appointed to the office after the separation of the Irish Free State in 1922.

• 1707 Andrew Fountaine
• c.1708–1709 Thomas Ellys ^[17]
• 1711–17?? Brinsley Butler, 1st Viscount Lanesborough (died 1735) ^[18]
• 1745–17?? Robert Langrishe ^[19]
• 1745–1747 Solomon Dayrolles
• 1747–17?? William FitzWilliam ^[20]
• 1761–1763 George Montagu^[21]
• 1763–1765 Sir Archibald Edmonstone ^[22]
• 1772? Robert Weston
• 1780–1781 Sir John Lees
• 1783 Sir John Freemantle ^[23]
• 1783–1784 Sir Willoughby Ashton ^[23][24]
• 1784-1790 Colonel Andrew Barnard ^[25]
• 1787–1789 Scrope Morland^[26]
• 1790-1796 The Honourable Henry Fane ^[23]
• 1796-1799 Nicholas Price ^[23]
• 1799-1806 Thomas Linsay ^[23]
• 1806-1835 Sir Charles Hawley Vernon ^[23]
• 1835-1838 Major The Honourable Sir Francis Charles Stanhope ^[23]
• 1838-1841 Sir William Edward Leeson ^[23]
• 1841-1858 Lieutenant Colonel Sir George Morris ^[23]
• 1858-1878 Sir George Burdett L'Estrange ^[23]
• 1879-1913 Colonel James Alfred Caulfeild, 7th Viscount Charlemont^[23]
• 1915-1917 Sir John Olphert ^[23]
• 1918-1933 Sir Samuel Murray Power ^[23]

The Senate of Northern Ireland also had a Black Rod throughout its existence.^[27]

Gentlemen Ushers of the Black Rod in Jamaica

• 1820 - 1836 Anthony Davis

Other UK ushers

Before the Acts of Union 1707 united the English and Scottish parliaments, there was a Heritable Usher of the White Rod who had a similar role in the Estates of Parliament in Scotland.^[28] This office is currently held by The Rt Rev. Dr John Armes, Bishop of Edinburgh, but the role carries no duties.

Gentleman ushers exist for all the British orders of chivalry, and are coloured as follows:

• The Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod – Most Noble Order of the Garter
• The Gentleman Usher of the Green Rod – Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle
• The Gentleman Usher of the Scarlet Rod – Most Honourable Order of the Bath
• The Gentleman Usher of the Blue Rod – Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George
• The Gentleman Usher of the Purple Rod – Most Excellent Order of the British Empire

Black Rod in other Commonwealth countries

As in the United Kingdom, Black Rod is responsible for arresting any senator or intruder who disrupts the proceedings.

Canada

The Black Rod for the Senate of Canada is well-known in the Canadian public. The Legislatures of Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Alberta, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island have also incorporated Black Rods into their respective parliamentary systems.^[29]

Australia

Both the Australian Senate and houses in the parliament in each Australian state (except Queensland) have their own Usher of the Black Rod. The current Usher of the Black Rod for the Australian Senate is Rachel Callinan.^[30] In the Australian Senate, the Usher of the Black Rod assists with the administration and security of the Senate and has the power to arrest or detain Senators.^[31]

New Zealand

In New Zealand, where the Legislative Council was abolished in 1951, the Usher of the Black Rod continues to summon MPs to the chamber for the Throne Speech. It is not a full-time position. Colonel William "Bill" Nathan, OBE, ED was Usher of the Black Rod 1993 to 2005. The position is currently held by David Baguley.^[32]

References

• "Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod". Retrieved 23 October 2014. 

External links

• The British Parliament's information about the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod
• The Canadian Parliament's information about Black Rod
• The Australian Parliamentary Education Office's information about the Usher of the Black Rod