Ukrainian Canadians

Ukrainian Canadians
Українські канадці
Ukraine Canada
Total population
(1,251,170
(by ancestry, 2011 Census)[1])
Regions with significant populations
Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Ontario, British Columbia, Quebec
Languages
Canadian English, Ukrainian (particularly Canadian Ukrainian), Quebec French, Russian
Religion
Ukrainian Greek Catholic, Ukrainian Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Judaism, Ukrainian Baptist, United Church, other[2]
Related ethnic groups
Ukrainians, Ukrainian Americans, British Ukrainians, French Ukrainians (in France), Ukrainian Australians, Slavic Peoples especially East Slavs

Ukrainian Canadians (Ukrainian: Українські канадці, Україноканадці; translit. Ukrayins'ki kanadtsi, Ukrayinokanadtsi) is a term that refers to Canadian citizens of Ukrainian descent or Ukrainian-born people who immigrated to Canada. In 2011, there were an estimated 1,251,170 persons of full or partial Ukrainian origin residing in Canada (the majority being Canadian-born citizens) making them Canada's ninth largest ethnic group,[1] and giving Canada the world's third-largest Ukrainian population behind Ukraine itself and Russia. Self-identified Ukrainians are the plurality in several rural areas of Western Canada.[3] Of the 1,251,170 who identify as Ukrainian, only 144,260 (or 11.5%) can actually speak either the modern Ukrainian language or the archaic Canadian Ukrainian dialect.[4]

History

Unconfirmed settlement before 1891

Some have theorized that a small number of Ukrainians might have first set foot in Canada as infantrymen alongside Poles in the Swiss French "De Meurons" and "De Watteville" regiments who fought for the British on the Niagara Peninsula during the War of 1812 – and that Ukrainians were among those soldiers who decided to stay in Upper Canada (southern Ontario).[5] Other Ukrainians supposedly arrived as part of other immigrant groups; it has been claimed that individual Ukrainian families may have settled in southern Manitoba in the 1870s alongside block settlements of Mennonites and other Germans from the Russian Empire.[5] "Galicians" are noted as being among the miners of the British Columbia gold rushes and figure prominently in some towns in that new province's first census in 1871 (these may have been Poles and Belarusians as well as Ukrainians).[6] Because there is so little definitive documentary evidence of individual Ukrainians among these three groups, they are not generally regarded as among the first Ukrainians in Canada.

Settlement – first wave (1891–1914)

Post-independence Ukrainian fifteen-kopiyka stamp commemorating the centennial of Ukrainian settlement in Canada, 1891–1991
Further information: Dominion Lands Act and Dominion Land Survey

During the nineteenth century the territory inhabited by Ukrainians in Europe was divided between the Austro-Hungarian and Russian empires. The Austrian crownlands of Galicia and Bukovyna were home to many Ukrainian speakers. Austrian Galicia was one of the poorest and most overpopulated regions in Europe, and had experienced a series of blights and famines. Emigration on a large scale from Galicia to the Balkans (the north-south border region between Croatia and Bosnia) and even to Brazil was already underway by 1891.

The first wave of Ukrainian immigration to Canada began with Iwan (Ivan) Pylypow and Wasyl (Vasyl') Eleniak, who arrived in 1891, and brought several families to settle in 1892. Pylypow helped found the Edna-Star Settlement east of Edmonton, the first and largest Ukrainian block settlement. However, it is Dr. Josef Oleskow,[N 1] along with Cyril Genik, who are considered responsible for the large Ukrainian Canadian population through their promotion of Canada as a destination for immigrants from western (Austrian-ruled) Ukraine in the late 1890s. Ukrainians from Central Ukraine, which was ruled by the Russian monarchy, also came to Canada[7] – but in smaller numbers than those from Galicia and Bukovina. Approximately 170,000 Ukrainians from the Austro-Hungarian Empire arrived in Canada from 1891 to 1914.[8]

Clifford Sifton, Canada's Minister of the Interior from 1896 to 1905, also encouraged Ukrainians from Austria-Hungary to immigrate to Canada since he wanted new agricultural immigrants to populate Canada's prairies. After retirement, Sifton defended the new Ukrainian and East European immigrants to Canada – who were not from the United Kingdom, the United States, Scandinavia, France, Germany or the Netherlands – by stating:

“ I think that a stalwart peasant in a sheepskin coat, born to the soil, whose forefathers have been farmers for ten generations, with a stout wife and a half-dozen children, is good quality.[9] ”

This Ukrainian immigration to Canada was largely agrarian, and at first Ukrainian Canadians concentrated in distinct block settlements in the parkland belt of the prairie provinces: Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. While the Canadian Prairies are often compared to the steppes of Ukraine, the settlers came largely from Galicia and Bukovina – which are not steppe lands, but are semi-wooded areas in the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains. This is why Ukrainians coming to Canada settled in the wooded aspen parklands – in an arch from Winnipeg and Stuartburn, Manitoba to Edmonton and Leduc, Alberta – rather than the open prairies further south. As well, the semi-feudal nature of land ownership in the Austrian Empire meant that in the "Old Country" people had to pay the pan (landlord) for all their firewood and lumber for building. Upon arriving in Canada, the settlers often demanded wooded land from officials so that they would be able to supply their own needs, even if this meant taking land that was less productive for crops. They also attached deep importance to settling near to family, people from nearby villages or other culturally similar groups, furthering the growth of the block settlements.

Fraternal and benevolent organizations established by these settlers include the Ukrainian Labour Farmer Temple Association (ULFTA, affiliated with the Communist Party of Canada),[10] the Brotherhood of Ukrainian Catholics (BUC, affiliated with the Ukrainian Catholic Church in Canada),[10] and the Ukrainian Self-Reliance League (USRL, affiliated with the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada).[10] The ULFTA transformed itself into the Association of United Ukrainian Canadians in 1946,[11] the BUC and USRL are part of the Ukrainian Canadian Congress today.[12]

By 1914, there were also growing communities of Ukrainian immigrants in eastern Canadian cities, such as Toronto, Montreal, Hamilton, and Windsor. Many of them arrived from the provinces of Podillia, Volhynia, Kyiv and Bessarabia in Russian-ruled Ukraine.[7] In the early years of settlement, Ukrainian immigrants faced considerable amounts of discrimination at the hands of non-Slavic, non-Southern European Canadians, an example of which was the internment.[13][14][15]

Internment (1914–1920)

Commemorative plaque and a statue entitled "Why?" / "Pourquoi"? / "Chomu"?, by John Boxtel at the location of the Castle Mountain Internment Camp, Banff National Park
Commemorative statue entitled "Never Forget" / "Ne Jamais Oublier" / "Nikoly Ne Zabuty", by John Boxtel, and damaged plaque at the cemetery of the Kapuskasing Internment Camp, Kapuskasing, northern Ontario[16]

From 1914 to 1920, the political climate of the First World War allowed the Canadian Government to classify immigrants with Austro-Hungarian citizenship as "aliens of enemy nationality". This classification, authorized by the 1914 War Measures Act, permitted the government to legally compel thousands of Ukrainians in Canada to register with federal authorities. About 5,000 Ukrainian men, and some women and children, were interned at government camps and work sites. Although many Ukrainians were "paroled" into jobs for private companies by 1917, the internment continued until June 20, 1920 – almost a year after the Treaty of Versailles was signed by Canada on June 28, 1919.

There are some two dozen Ukrainian-specific plaques and memorials in Canada commemorating Canada's first national internment operations, including several statues – on the grounds of the Manitoba Legislative Building and at the locations of the former internment camps in Banff National Park, Alberta, Spirit Lake (La Ferme), Quebec, and Kapuskasing, Ontario. Most were placed by the Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties Association (UCCLA) and its supporters. On August 24, 2005, Prime Minister Paul Martin recognized the Ukrainian Canadian internment as a "dark chapter" in Canadian history, and pledged $2.5 million to fund memorials and educational exhibits although that funding was never provided.

On May 9, 2008, following the 2005 passage of Inky Mark's Bill C-331, the Government of Canada, under Prime Minister Stephen Harper, established a $10 million fund[17] following several months of negotiation with the Ukrainian Canadian community's representatives, including the UCCLA, Ukrainian Canadian Congress and Ukrainian Canadian Foundation of Taras Shevchenko (also known as the Shevchenko Foundation), establishing the Canadian First World War Internment Recognition Fund (CFWWIRF). The Endowment Council of the CFWWIRF uses the interest earned on that amount to fund projects that commemorate the experience of Ukrainians and other Europeans interned between 1914 and 1920. The funds are held in trust by the Shevchenko Foundation. Amongst the commemorative projects funded by the Endowment Council was the unveiling, simultaneously across Canada, of 115 bilingual plaques on August 24, 2014, recalling the 100th anniversary of the first implementation of the War Measures Act. This was known as Project "Сто" (translit. Sto) (meaning "one hundred"), and organized by the UCCLA.

Settlers, workers and professionals – second wave (1923–1939)

In 1923, the Canadian government modified the Immigration Act to allow former citizens of the Austrian Empire to once again enter Canada – and Ukrainian immigration started anew.[18] Ukrainians from western Volhynia – the Wołyń Voivodeship (under Polish rule) – and southern Bessarabia – also known as the Budjak (under Romanian rule) – joined a new wave of emigrants from Polish-governed Galicia and Romanian-governed Bukovyna. Around 70,000 Ukrainians from Poland and Romania arrived in Canada from 1924 to 1939,[8] although the flow decreased severely after 1930 due to the Great Depression.

Relatively little farmland remained unclaimed – the majority in the Peace River region of northwestern Alberta – and less than half of this group settled as farmers in the Prairie provinces.[19] The majority became workers in the growing industrial centers of southern Ontario and the Montreal region and the Eastern Townships of Quebec, the mines, smelters and forests of northern Ontario, and the small heavy industries of urban western Canada.[19] A few Ukrainian professionals and intellectuals were accepted into Canada at this time; they later became leaders in the Ukrainian Canadian community.[8]

The second wave was heavily influenced by the struggle for Ukrainian independence during the Russian Civil War, and established two competing fraternal / benevolent organizations in Canada: the United Hetman Organization (UHO) in 1934[20] – which supported the idea of a Ukrainian "Cossack kingdom" led by Pavlo Skoropadskyi;[21] and the rival Ukrainian National Federation (UNF) in 1932[22] – which supported the idea of an independent Ukrainian republic and the armed Ukrainian nationalist insurgency in Polish-occupied Western Ukraine.[23] The UHO ceased to exist by 1960, and the UNF continued to expand and became the largest and most influential Ukrainian organization in Canada, spearheading the creation of the Ukrainian Canadian Committee (later Ukrainian Canadian Congress) during World War II.[N 2]

Workers and professionals – third wave (1945–1952)

From World War II to 1991, most Ukrainians coming to Canada were political refugees and Displaced Persons who tended to move to cities in southern Ontario and Quebec and the Lower Mainland of British Columbia – there are now large Ukrainian communities in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. They established a number of new organizations and affiliated newspapers, women's and youth groups, the most prominent of which was the Canadian League for the Liberation of Ukraine (renamed the League of Ukrainian Canadians after the collapse of the USSR in 1991), which joined the Ukrainian Canadian Congress in the 1970s.

Political refugees – fourth wave (1970s–1991)

Relatively few Ukrainians came to Canada during the Brezhnev and Gorbachev years, as exit visas could take several years to get approved.

Post-independent Ukraine – fifth wave (1991–present)

After the dissolution of the USSR, emigration from Ukraine increased. Rising levels of corruption, the dismantlement of some social services, low-paying employment and loss of jobs in Ukraine, made immigration attractive once again.

Culture

Having been separated from Ukraine, Ukrainian Canadians have developed their own distinctive Ukrainian culture in Canada. To showcase their unique hybrid culture, Ukrainian Canadians have created institutions that showcase Ukrainian Canadian culture such as Edmonton's Cheremosh and Shumka troupes – among the world's elite Ukrainian dancers; or the Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village – where Ukrainian pioneer buildings are displayed along with extensive cultural exhibits.

Ukrainian Canadians have also contributed to Canadian culture as a whole. Actress and comedian Luba Goy, singer Gloria Kaye,[24] and painter William Kurelek, for example, are well known outside the Ukrainian community.

Historically Ukrainian Canadians were among Canada's poorest and least educated minorities; but as the process of cultural integration has accelerated, this is no longer the case and Ukrainian Canadians are currently near the national economic average.

Perhaps one of the most lasting contributions Ukrainian Canadians have made to the wider culture of Canada is the concept of multiculturalism which was promoted as early as 1964 by Senator Paul Yuzyk. During and after the debates surrounding the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism Ukrainian leaders, such as linguist Jaroslav Rudnyckyj, came out in force against the notion of English - French biculturalism which they believed denied the contributions other peoples had made to Canada. Partly in response to this, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau shifted Canada to a policy of official multiculturalism.

Architecture

The Western Ukrainian agricultural settlers brought with them a style of folk architecture dominated by buildings made of unprocessed logs, which were much better suited to the wooded parkland belt rather than the "bald prairie". The first house built – usually a burdei – used some sod; but was not exactly a sod hut, more like a dugout. The second house was often a white-washed and plastered log cabin usually with thatched roof, very similar to those seen in Ukraine. Barns, chicken coops, granaries, and so on were all built using the same techniques as the houses. By the 1930s most Ukrainian Canadians adopted the building styles of the North American mainstream including framed homes and barns built from commercial plans and using milled lumber.

Early churches, built by pioneer farmers rather than trained builders, were basically log cabins with a few added decorations. They aspired to the designs of Ukraine's wooden churches, but were much more humble. Latter churches – such as the "prairie cathedral" style of Philip Ruh, using a mixture of Byzantine and Western influences – were much more decorative.

Language

Further information: Canadian Ukrainian

In addition to the official English and French languages, many prairie public schools offer Ukrainian language education for children, including immersion programs. Generally second language students are taught the local Canadian Ukrainian dialect, rather than Standard Ukrainian.

There are a few Ukrainian Catholic elementary schools in the Greater Toronto Area including St. Josaphat Catholic Elementary school (Toronto), Josef Cardinal Slipyj Elementary school (Etobicoke) and St. Sofia Catholic Elementary school (Mississauga); as well as Holy Spirit Eastern Rite Elementary School in Hamilton.

Politics

Many Ukrainians fled Russia, Poland, Romania, and later, the Soviet Union, to find freedom and a better life in Canada. For them Canada became "an anti-Russia", where they could realize their political and economic ideas. Most Ukrainian Canadians were anti-Soviet, yet a minor group of Ukrainians has for a long time supported Canadian socialism and contributed to the formation of the Communist Party of Canada, and formed a significant bloc within that group. They were also active in other Marxist organizations like the Ukrainian Labour Farmer Temple Association (ULFTA). Ukrainians also played a central role in the formation of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation and the New Democratic Party. Ukrainians were a notable portion of the Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion of Canadians who volunteered and fought in the Spanish Civil War on the side of the leftist republican government against the nationalist troops of Generalísimo Francisco Franco.

The nationalist movement, through the Ukrainian National Federation and the Canadian League for the Liberation of Ukraine, was also an important part of the community. After Ukraine became independent Canada was one of the first nations to recognize Ukraine. Later Ukrainian Canadians were vital in fundraising to build the Embassy of Ukraine in Ottawa. As well, Canada has recognized the Holodomor (Ukrainian Famine) as an act of genocide. Canada also sent many observers to Ukraine during the disputed 2004 presidential election (see: Orange Revolution). The Government of Canada as well as its provincial governments – especially the Ukrainian strongholds in Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan – do much to support Ukraine's economic and political development.

The Ukrainian Canadians had and have much more influence in Canadian society and policy than any other East European group; therefore they have had several prominent figures in top positions: Ray Hnatyshyn was the 24th Governor General of Canada (1990–1995) and the first Governor General of Ukrainian descent. Ukrainians were also elected leaders of Canada's prairie provinces in alternating order: Gary Filmon was Premier of Manitoba (1988–1999), nearly simultaneously with Hnatyshyn; and Roy Romanow was Premier of Saskatchewan (1991–2001), also partly at the same time as Filmon and Hnatyshyn.[25]

Ed Stelmach became Premier of Alberta in 2006 as the third provincial prime minister of Ukrainian descent. He succeeded Ralph Klein (1992–2006), who had cabinets with many Ukrainian ministers. Stelmach himself is the grandson of Ukrainian immigrants and speaks fluent Ukrainian.[25] He left office in October 2011.

Religion

St. George's Ukrainian Catholic Cathedral, Saskatoon.
St. Volodymyr's Ukrainian Orthodox Cathedral, Toronto.

Most Ukrainians who came to Canada from Galicia were Ukrainian Catholic and those from Bukovyna were Ukrainian Orthodox. However, people of both churches faced a shortage of priests in Canada. The Ukrainian Catholic clergy came into conflict with the Roman Catholic hierarchy because they were not celibate and wanted a separate governing structure. At the time, the Russian Orthodox Church was the only Orthodox Christian church that operated in North America – because they had arrived first via Alaska, and traditionally Orthodox churches are territorially exclusive. However, Ukrainians in Canada were suspicious of being controlled from Russia, first by the Tsarist government and later by the Soviets. Partially in response to this, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada was created as a wholly Ukrainian Canadian-controlled alternative. As well the Ukrainian Catholic clergy were eventually given a separate structure from the Roman Church.

Arts

See also: Ukrainian dance
A Ukrainian dance troupe at the BC Ukrainian Cultural Festival
The world's largest pysanka was erected in Vegreville, Alberta in 1974, commemorating the 100th anniversary of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.

Canada is home to some very vibrant Ukrainian dance groups. Some examples of Ukrainian dance ensembles in Canada are the Ukrainian Shumka Dancers and the Cheremosh Ukrainian Dance Company in Edmonton, the Rusalka Ukrainian Dance Ensemble and Rozmai Ukrainian Dance Company in Winnipeg, the Svitanok Ukrainian Dance Ensemble in Ottawa, and hundreds of other groups.

The Ukrainian Canadian Foundation of Taras Shevchenko provides some financial support for Ukrainian Canadian performing, literary and visual arts.

Ukrainians in general are noted for their elaborately decorated Easter Eggs or pysanky, and that is also true in Canada. The world's largest pysanka is in Vegreville, Alberta.

Ukrainian Canadian churches are also famous for their onion domes, which have elaborately painted murals on their interior, and for their iconostasis, or icon walls.

Music

Ukrainian Canadian musicians and groups include Randy Bachman, the Canadian Bandurist Capella, Ron Cahute, Rick Danko, Victor Mishalow, Chantal Kreviazuk, Gordie Johnson, and Canadian Idol season 2 runner-up Theresa Sokyrka. The Edmonton-based group the Kubasonics focuses on a folk fusion of traditional Ukrainian music with modern touches.

Food

Cultural food is an important part of Ukrainian culture. Special foods are used at Easter as well as Christmas that are not made at any other time of the year. In fact on Christmas Eve (January 6[N 3] in the Gregorian calendar), a special twelve-dish meatless meal is served. The best-known foods are: borshch (a vegetable soup, usually with beets), holobtsi (cabbage rolls), pyrohy or varenyky (dumplings often called "perogies"), and kovbasa (garlic sausage).

Several items of Ukrainian food and culture have been enshrined with roadside attractions throughout the Prairie provinces. These are celebrated in the polka Giants of the Prairies by the Kubasonics. For example, the world's largest perogy is in Glendon, Alberta,[28] and the world's biggest kovbasa is in Mundare, Alberta.[29]

Institutions

There are a number of Ukrainian Canadian institutions, such as:

Distribution

Ukrainians by main cities

City Population Ukrainian Population % of Ukrainians % of all Canadian Ukrainians
Toronto 2,576,025 64,875 2,5 5,2
Montreal 1,612,640 14,070 0,9 1,1
Edmonton 812,201 93,420 11,4 7,5
Winnipeg 649,995 98,860 15,2 7,8
Vancouver МА 2,280,700 84,640 3,7 6,7
Calgary 1,096,833 81,660 7,4 6,5
Hamilton 519,949 17,770 3,4 1,4
Ottawa 883,391 21,675 2,4 1,7
Saskatoon 218,315 35,795 16,5 2,8
Regina 189,740 25,005 13,2 2,1
Victoria 78,057 4,040 5,1 0,3
Map of the dominant self-identified ethnic origins of ancestors per census division. Actual physical origins of ancestors may be different. Ukrainian-plurality areas are highlighted in teal. Note that Ukrainians are a significant minority elsewhere; and that, numerically, most Ukrainian Canadians live in cities.
Information in this section taken from 2006 Census Community Profiles.

The provinces with the largest Ukrainian populations (single and multiple origins, 2006) are: Ontario, 336,355; Alberta, 332,180; British Columbia 197,265; Manitoba, 167,175; Saskatchewan 129,265; and Quebec, 31,955. In terms of proportion of the total population, the most Ukrainian provinces and territories are Manitoba (15%), Saskatchewan (13%), Alberta (10%), Yukon (5%), British Columbia (5%), and Ontario (3%).

The metropolitan regions with the largest Ukrainian populations (single and multiple origins, 2006) are: Edmonton 144,620; Toronto, 122,510; Winnipeg, 110,335; Vancouver, 81,725; Calgary, 76,240; Saskatoon, 38,825; Hamilton 27,080; Montreal, 26,150; Regina, 25,725; Ottawa-Gatineau, 21,520; St. Catharines-Niagara, 20,990; Thunder Bay, 17,620; Victoria, 15,020; Kelowna, 13,425; Oshawa, 12,555; London, 10,765; and Kitchener 10,425.

The Census Divisions with the largest percentage of Ukrainians are: Manitoba #12 (25%), Alberta # 10 (20%), Alberta # 12 (19%), Manitoba # 11 (15%), Manitoba # 7 (13%), Manitoba # 10 (12%), Manitoba #9 (12%), Manitoba #2 (10%).

It is impossible to know which are proportionately the most Ukrainian municipalities in Canada since Statistics Canada does not release such information for communities with less than 5,000 people, and Ukrainians are the most concentrated in the smallest communities in the rural West. That being said, the following are communities (total greater than 5,000) with a high percentage of Ukrainians: Vegreville, Alberta (41%), St. Paul, Alberta (town) (31%), St. Paul County, Alberta, 26%.

Gallery

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ukrainian diaspora in Canada.

Notes

  1. ↑ Dr. Oleskow, who had a PhD in agronomy, wrote two pamphlets – "About Free Lands" (Pro Vilni Zemli, spring 1895), and "On Emigration" (O emigratsiy, December 1895) – which were widely read in the Prosvita halls of the Ukrainian areas of the Austrian Empire.
  2. ↑ The UCC was the driving force in organizing the World Congress of Free Ukrainians in the immediate postwar period; the WCFU would expand and be renamed the Ukrainian World Congress after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
  3. ↑ Because Ukrainian Canadians are the largest Eastern Christian group in Canada, January 6–7 is commonly referred by Canadians of all origins as "Ukrainian Christmas".[26][27]

Footnotes

  1. 1 2 Statistics Canada. "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables". Retrieved 17 February 2014.
  2. ↑ Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1863; Martynowych 2011.
  3. ↑ 2006 Census Community Profiles, see for example Division No. 12, Manitoba.
  4. ↑ NHS Profile, Canada, 2011
  5. 1 2 Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1862.
  6. ↑ Canadian census, 1871
  7. 1 2 Kukushkin, p. 30-54; Luciuk and Kordan 1989, map 3.
  8. 1 2 3 Isajiw and Makuch, p. 333; Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1862.
  9. ↑ The Quebec History Encyclopedia: Clifford Sifton
  10. 1 2 3 Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1862; Luciuk and Kordan 1989, map 18; Isajiw and Makuch, p. 346-47, 345.
  11. ↑ Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1863; Luciuk and Kordan 1989, map 18; Isajiw and Makuch, p. 346-47, 345.
  12. ↑ Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1863; Luciuk and Kordan 1989, map 19; Isajiw and Makuch, p. 346-48.
  13. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=97gr-mzyWBsC&pg=PP1&dq=The+Ukrainian+Diaspora&sig=57wt8n1GjpUcjB9v13DA-ftSvoc#PRA1-PA40,M1
  14. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=nlj5GaXXY3EC&pg=PA70&dq=Racism+and+Social+inequality+in+Canada&sig=fA_TBNWilGc8CQYhhlU51sSu9AI#PPA77,M1
  15. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=PA547&dq=Discrimination+Canada+Ukrainian&sig=W0jvvKr-VpEiSjpKS_D5jztNNK4
  16. ↑ "100 years since first death in Kapuskasing internment camp". Sudbury: CBC News. June 3, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  17. ↑ "About the Fund" (official website). The Canadian First World War Internment Recognition Fund and The Ukrainian Canadian Foundation of Taras Shevchenko. 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
  18. ↑ Swyripa, "Canada", p. 344.
  19. 1 2 Isajiw and Makuch, p. 333.
  20. ↑ Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1862; Isajiw and Makuch, p. 346-47, 345.
  21. ↑ Swyripa, "Canada", p. 351; Luciuk and Kordan 1989, map 18.
  22. ↑ Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1862; Isajiw and Makuch, p. 346-48, 345; Luciuk and Kordan 1989, map 18.
  23. ↑ Swyripa, "Canada", p. 352.
  24. ↑ Czuboka, p. 211-212.
  25. 1 2 Hans-Joachim Hoppe: (German) "Ukrainian vastnesses – Canada was and is for many East Europeans a country of prophecy", in: Neue Zürcher Zeitung, no. 211, September 12/13, 2009, p. B3.
  26. ↑ http://www.gov.sk.ca/news?newsId=a37a961f-cd70-4d81-9b63-a2fc7eac6276
  27. ↑ http://www.winnipegsun.com/news/winnipeg/2009/01/07/7940171-sun.html
  28. ↑ http://members.mcsnet.ca/glendon/pyrogy.html
  29. ↑ http://sausagefans.com/newsarticle.php?id=169
  30. ↑ University of Alberta Press. "Kule Folklore Centre".
  31. ↑ "Ukrainian Canadian Social Services".
  32. ↑ Infoukes.com. "Taras Shevchenko Museum - the only Shevchenko Museum in the Americas".

References

  • Swyripa, Frances A. (1985). "Ukrainians". In Mel Hurtig. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Vol. 3 (1st ed.). Edmonton, Alberta: Hurtig Publishers. p. 1863. ISBN 0-88830-272-X. In 1981 only 30.0% and 18.6% of Ukrainian Canadians belonged to the Ukrainian Catholic and Ukrainian Orthodox churches, respectively; 16.8% were Roman Catholic and 13.3% United Church adherents 
  • Martynowych, Orest (2011). "The Seraphimite, Independent Greek, Presbyterian and United Churches". Centre for Ukrainian Canadian Studies, University of Manitoba.
  • Swyripa, Frances A. (1985). "Ukrainians". In Mel Hurtig. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Vol. 3 (1st ed.). Edmonton, Alberta: Hurtig Publishers. p. 1862. ISBN 0-88830-272-X. Isolated individuals of Ukrainian background may have come to Canada during the War of 1812 as mercenaries in the de Meuron and de Watteville regiments. It is possible that others participated in Russian exploration and colonization on the West Coast, came with Mennonite and other German immigrants in the 1870s, or entered Canada from the US  [United States - ed.]
  • Luciuk, Lubomyr; Kordan, Bohdan (1989). Creating a Landscape: A Geography of Ukrainians in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. Map 3. ISBN 0-8020-5823-X. Only about one-fifth of the Ukrainians in Canada would come from Ukrainian lands controlled by the tsarist empire until 1917 and by the Soviets thereafter. 
  • Isajiw, Wsevolod; Makuch, Andrij (1994). "Ukrainians in Canada". In Ann Lencyk Pawliczko. Ukraine and Ukrainians Throughout the World. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 333. ISBN 0-8020-0595-0. Because most of the 'free' lands available for agricultural settlement had already been granted to earlier immigrants, the incoming population tended not to establish themselves as farmers. A substantial number settled in the Prairie provinces and worked as farm hands, while some took advantage of land grants being offered in the northern Peace River region of Alberta. Eventually, some of these immigrants did start up their own farming operations in and around the main areas of Ukrainian settlement. The majority of Ukrainians in this second wave, however, worked as labourers in the mining and forestry regions of northern Ontario and in the cities of central Canada and the Prairies. A small portion of the incoming immigration consisted of individuals with a higher level of education than that possessed by the earlier immigrants, affording them the opportunity to exact a different entry-level status. Among this group were skilled individuals who could assume critical positions in the Ukrainian press and the community's cultural-educational institutions 
  • Swyripa, Frances A. (1985). "Ukrainians". In Mel Hurtig. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Vol. 3 (1st ed.). Edmonton, Alberta: Hurtig Publishers. p. 1862. ISBN 0-88830-272-X. Between the 2 world wars some 70,000 Ukrainians immigrated to Canada for political and economic reasons. They included war veterans, intellectuals and professionals, as well as peasants 
  • Swyripa, Frances (1984). "Canada". In Volodymyr Kubiyovych. Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Vol. 1, A-F. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 351–52. ISBN 0-8020-3362-8. Interwar immigrants introduced a number of new organizations. The paramilitary sporting Sitch [sic] (renamed the Canadian Sitch Organization in 1928) was founded in 1924 with official support from the Ukrainian Catholic church. It declined with the appearance of the Ukrainian Catholic Brotherhood and in 1934 was reorganized without church backing as the United Hetman Organization, a conservative monarchist movement that favoured P. Skoropadsky as hetman of Ukraine. After the death of his son, D. Skoropadsky, in 1957 the movement, never too popular, rapidly declined. In 1928 the republican-inclined veterans of the Ukrainian independence struggle formed the Ukrainian War Veterans' Association (UWVA). In 1932 it provided the base for the Ukrainian National Federation, which espoused the militant nationalism of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists 
  • Czuboka, Michael (1983). Ukrainian Canadian, Eh?: The Ukrainians of Canada and Elsewhere As Perceived By Themselves And Others. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Communigraphics / Printers' Aid Group. pp. 211–12. ISBN 0-920073-00-X. Gloria Kaye was born in northern Alberta as Gloria Slavka Kolmatycki on March 10, 1956, the youngest of five children of Mike and Annie Kolmatycki. [...] Kolmatycki changed her Ukrainian name to 'Kaye' for 'ease in handling.' As Gloria Kaye, she sang on Canadian television on the Tommy Hunter Show, It's Happening, Show of the Week, Juliette, Music Hop, Robbie Lane, and the Merv Griffin show in the United States. 

Further reading

  • Hoppe, Hans-Joachim Ukraine's conflict and the Ukrainian diaspora in Canada, Kyiv Post, September 5, 2015.
  • Kordan, Bohdan and Luciuk, Lubomyr, eds. (1986). A Delicate and Difficult Question: Documents in the History of Ukrainians in Canada, 1899-1962, Kingston: Limestone Press. ISBN 0-919642-08-X.
  • Kordan, Bohdan (2000). Ukrainian Canadians and the Canada Census, 1981-1996, Saskatoon: Heritage Press. ISBN 0-88880-422-9.
  • Kordan, Bohdan (2001). Canada and the Ukrainian Question, 1939-1945, Montreal-Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0-7735-2230-1.
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