Tutton's salt

Tutton's salts are a family of salts with the formula M2M'(SO4)2(H2O)6 (sulfates) or M2M'(SeO4)2(H2O)6 (selenates). These materials are double salts, which means that they contain two different cations, M+ and M'2+ crystallized in the same regular ionic lattice.[1] The univalent cation can be potassium, rubidium, cesium, ammonium (NH4), deuterated ammonium (ND4) or thallium. Sodium or lithium ions are too small. The divalent cation can be magnesium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc or cadmium. In addition to sulfate and selenate, the divalent anion can be chromate (CrO42−), tetrafluoroberyllate (BeF42−), hydrogenphosphate (HPO42−)[2] or monofluorophosphate (PO3F2−). All Tutton's salts form monoclinic crystals with the space group P21/a.[3]

Examples and related compounds

Perhaps the best-known is Mohr's salt, ferrous ammonium sulfate (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.(H2O)6). Other examples include the vanadous Tutton salt (NH4)2V(SO4)2(H2O)6 and the chromous Tutton salt (NH4)2Cr(SO4)2(H2O)6.[4] In solids and solutions, the M'2+ ion exists as a metal aquo complex [M'(H2O)6]2+.

Related to the Tutton's salts are the alums, which are also double salts but with the formula MM'(SO4)2(H2O)12. The Tutton's salts were once termed "false alums".[5]

History

Tutton salts are sometimes called Schönites after the naturally occurring mineral called Schönite (K2Mg(SO4)2(H2O)6). They are named for A. E. H. Tutton, who identified and characterised a large range of these salts around 1900.[6]
Such salts were of historical importance because they were obtainable in high purity and served as reliable reagents and spectroscopic standards.

Table of salts

M1 M2 formula name a Å b Å c Å β° V Å3 colour Nα Nβ Nγ Biaxial 2V other
K Cd K2Cd(SO4)2·6H2O Potassium cadmium sulfate[7]
Cs Cd Cs2Cd(SO4)2·6H2O caesium cadmium sulphate hexahydrate[8]
NH4 Cd (NH4)2Cd(SO4)2.6H2O Ammonium Cadmium Sulfate Hydrate 9.395 12.776 6.299 106°43' 727.63 colourless l.486 1.488 1.494 Biaxial(-f) large[9] density=2.05[10]

Slowly loses water in dry air.[11]

K Co K2Co(SO4)2·6H2O [12] Potassium cobaltous sulfate[13] 6.151 9.061 12.207 104.8° 657.78[14] red density=2.21
Rb Co Rb2[Co(H2O)6](SO4)2 Rubidium hexaaquacobalt(II) sulphate 6.24 9.19 12.453 105.99° 686.5[11] ruby-red[15] desnsity=2.56
Cs Co Cs2[Co(H2O)6](SO4)2 Caesium hexaaquacobalt(II) sulphate 9.318(1) 12.826(3) 6.3650(9) 107.13(1)° 727.0[16] dark red
NH4 Co (NH4)2Co(SO4)2·6 H2O[17] Cobaltous ammonium sulfate hexahydrate 6.242 9.255 12.549 106.98° 693.3[18] purple[19] density=1.89
Tl Co Tl2[Co(H2O)6](SO4)2 Cobaltous thallium sulfate hexahydrate, Thallium hexaaquacobalt(II) sulfate, 9.227(1) 12.437(2) 6.220(1) 106.40(1)° 684.7 light red[20]
Tl Co Tl2[Co(H2O)6](SO4)2 dithallium cobalt sulfate hexahydrate 9.235(1) 12.442(2) 6.227(1) 106.40(1)° yellowish pink 1.599 1.613 1.624 biaxial(-) medium large[21] density=4.180 g/cm3
Rb Cr Rb2Cr(SO4)2.6H2O[22] dirubidium chromium sulfate hexahydrate
Cs Cr Cs2Cr(SO4)2.6H2O[22] dicaesium chromium sulfate hexahydrate
ND4 Cr (ND4)2Cr(SO4)2.6H2O[22] dideuterated ammonium chromium sulfate hexahydrate bright blue, formed from CrSO4.3H2O with ammonium sulfate in minimal water under nitrogen gas. Stable in air from oxidation, but may dehydrate.[23]
K Cu K2[Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2 cyanochroite[13] 9.27 12.44 6.30 104.47[24] 663.0[24] pale green blue density=2.21[24] within unit cell 7.76 between two Cu atoms[25]
Rb Cu Rb2[Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2 Dirubidium hexaaquacopper sulfate 9.267 12.366 6.228 105°19' 686.8 brilliant greenish blue 1.488 1.491 1.506 biaxial (+)[26] medium density=2.580g/cm3[9] Cu-O 2.098 Å Rb-O 3.055 Å.[26]
Cs Cu Cs2[ Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2[27] dicaesium hexaaquacopper sulfate 9.439 12.762 6.310 106°11' 718.5 brilliant greenish blue, 1.504 1.506 1.514 biaxial (+) density=2.864g/cm3[28]
NH4 Cu (NH4)2[Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2 ammonium hexaaquacopper(II) sulfate[29] 6.31 12.38 9.22 106.16° 691.25[30] density=1.921;[30] heat of formation=-777.9 kcal/mol[30] Jahn-Teller distortion axis switches under pressure of ~1500 bars, a,b axis shrinks 3.3% and 3.5% and c axis extends 4.5%.[29]
Tl Cu Tl2[Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2 Thallium copper sulfate hydrate 9.268 12.364 6.216 105°33' brilliant greenish blue 1.600 1.610 1.620 biaxial very large[31] density=3.740 g/cm3
K Fe K2Fe(SO4)2·6 H2O dipotassium iron sulfate hexahydrate[13]
Rb Fe Rb2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O Rubidium iron sulfate hydrate 9.218 12.497 6.256 105°45' pale green 1.480 1.489 1.501 biaxial (+) large, density=2.523g/cm3[32]
Cs Fe Cs2[Fe(H2O)6](SO4)2 Caesium hexaaquairon(II) sulphate 9.357(2) 12.886(2) 6.381(1) 106.94(1)° 736.0 dark yellow[16] very pale green 1.501 1.504 1.516 biaxial (+) medium[33] density=2.805
NH4 Fe (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2·6 H2O mohrite[13] 6.24(1) 12.65(2) 9.32(2) 106.8(1) 704.28 vitreous pale green density=1.85 named after Karl Friedrich Mohr[34]
Tl Fe Tl2Fe(SO4)2·6H2O Thallium hexaaquairon(II) sulfate 9.262(2) 12.497(1) 6.235(2) 106.15(1)° 693.2[20] light green 1.590 1.605 =1.616 biaxial (-) large density=3.662g/cm3[35]
K Mg K2Mg(SO4)2·6H2O picromerite 9.04 12.24 6.095 104° 48'[13][13] colourless or white 1.460 1.462 1.472 biaxial (+) medium density=2.025g/cm3;[36] expanded second coordination sphere around Mg.[13]
Rb Mg Rb2Mg(SO4)2 · 6H2O rubidium magnesium sulphate hexahydrate[37] 9.235 12.486 6.224 105°59' colourless 1.467 1.469 1.476[38] biaxial
Cs Mg Cs2[Mg(H2O)6](SO4)2 Cesium hexaaquamagnesium sulphate 9.338(2) 12.849(4) 6.361(2) 107.07(2)° 729.6 colourless[16] 1.481 1.485 1.492 biaxial(+) medium density=2.689[39]
NH4 Mg (NH4)2Mg(SO4)2 · 6H2O boussingaultite 9.28 12.57 6.2 107°6'[13][17]
NH4 Mg (NH4)2Mg(Cr04)2.6H20 Ammonium Magnesium Chromium Oxide Hydrate 9.508±.001 12.674 6.246 106°14' bright yellow 1.637 1.638 1.653 biaxial(+) small density=1.840 g/cm 3[9]
Tl Mg Tl2Mg(SO4)2·6H2O[40] dithallium magnesium sulfate hexahydrate 9.22 9.262(2) 12.42 12.459(2) 6.185 6.207(1) 106°30' 106.39(2)° 687.1 colourless[20] density=3.532 g/cm3
Rb Mn Rb2[Mn(H2O)6](SO4)2 Dirubidium hexaaquamanganese sulfate(VI) 9.282(2) 12.600(2) 6.254(2) 105.94(2) 703.3Å3[41][42]
Cs Mn Cs2[Mn(H2O)6](SO4)2 Caesium hexaaquamanganese(II) sulphate 9.418(3) 12.963(2) 6.386(3) 107.17(4)° 744.9 pale pink[16] purplish white[43] 1.495 1.497 1.502 biaxial(+) large density=2.763[43]
NH4 Mn (NH4)2[Mn(H2O)6](SO4)2 manganese ammonium sulfate hexahydrate 9.40 12.74 6.26 107.0°[44] pale pink 1.482 1.456 1.492 biaxial(+) large density=1.827 [45]
Tl Mn Tl2[Mn(H2O)6](SO4)2 Thallium manganese sulfate hexahydrate 9.3276(6), 9.322(2) 12.5735(8), 12.565(2) 6.2407(4), and 6.233(1) 106.310(3)°[46] 106.29(2)°, 700.8[20] light pink
K Ni K2Ni(SO4)2·6H2O[12] Potassium Nickel Sulfate Hexahydrate[13] used as UV filter[47]
Rb Ni Rb2Ni(SO4)2·6H2O Rubidium Nickel Sulfate Hexahydrate 6.221 12.41 9.131 106.055° 677.43 001 surface has step growth of 4.6 Å, optical transmission bands at 250, 500 and 860 nm which are the same as nickel sulfate hexahydrate, but UV band transmits more. Heavy absorption 630-720 nm and 360-420 nm3 density 2.596 g cm−3.[47] stable to 100.5 °C solubility in g/100ml=0.178t + 4.735 MW=529.87
Cs Ni Cs2[Ni(H2O)6](SO4)2 Caesium hexaaquanickel(II) sulphate, Cesium Nickel Sulfate Hexahydrate 9.259(2) 12.767(2) 6.358(1) 107.00(2)° 718.7[16] greenish blue 1.507 1.512 1.516 biaxial(-) very large density=2.883 [48] used as UV filter[47]
NH4 Ni (NH4)2Ni(SO4)2·6 H2O nickel-boussingaultite[13][49] 9.186 12.468 6.424 684.0 blueish green.[50][51] density=1.918 cas=51287-85-5
Tl Ni Tl2Ni(SO4)2·6 H2O Thallium hexaaquanickel(II) sulfate 9.161(2) 12.389(2) 6.210(2) 106.35(2)° 676.3 greenish blue[20] 1.602 1.615 1.620 biaxial(-) large density=3.763[52]
K Ru K2Ru(SO4)2·6 H2O [53] 8.950 12.268 6.135 105.27 644
Rb Ru Rb2Ru(SO4)2·6 H2O [53] 9.132 12.527 6.351 106.30
K V K2V(SO4)2·6 H2O Vanadium(II) potassium sulfate hexahydrate [54]
Rb V Rb2V(SO4)2·6 H2O Rubidium vanadium(II) sulfate 硫酸钒(II)铷
NH4 V (NH4)2V(SO4)2·6 H2O Vanadium(II) ammonium sulfate hexahydrate 9.42 12.76 6.22 107.2° 714.2 amethyst density=1.8 V-O length 2.15Å[55]
K Zn K2Zn(SO4)2 · 6H2O [12][13] dipotassium zinc sulphate hexahydrate 9.041 12.215 6.156 104°49' colourless 1.478 1.481 1.496 biaxial large density=2.242g/cm3[56]
Rb Zn Rb2[Zn(H2O)6](SO4)2 Rubidium Zinc Sulphate Hexahydrate[57] 9.185 12.450 6.242 105°54' colourless 1.483 1.489 1.497 biaxial large [58]
Cs Zn Cs2[Zn(H2O)6](SO4)2 zinc cesium sulphate hexahydrate [59] 9.314(2) 12.817(2) 6.369(2) 106.94(2)° 727.3 colourless[16] 1.507 1.610 1.615 biaxial(-) large density=2.881 [60]
NH4 Zn (NH4)2Zn(SO4)2·6H2O 9.205 12.475 6.225 106°52'[17] 684.1 heat of fusion 285 J/g[61]
Tl Zn Tl2Zn(SO4)2 · 6H2O Thallium hexaaquazinc(II) sulfate [62] 9.219(2) 12.426(2) 6.226(1) 106.29(2)° 684.6 colourless[20]

References

  1. ↑ Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2008). Inorganic Chemistry (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 699. ISBN 978-0131755536.
  2. ↑ Ettoumi, Houda; Bulou, Alain; Suñol, Joan Josep; Mhiri, Tahar (November 2015). "Synthesis, crystal structure, and vibrational study of K2Cu(HPO4)2·6H2O: A new metal hydrogenphosphate compound". Journal of Molecular Structure. 1099: 181–188. doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2015.06.060.
  3. ↑ Bosi, Ferdinando; Belardi, Girolamo; Ballirano, Paolo (2009). "Structural features in Tutton's salts K2[M2+(H2O)6](SO4)2, with M2+ = Mg, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn". American Mineralogist. 94: 74–82. doi:10.2138/am.2009.2898.
  4. ↑ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.
  5. ↑ Taylor, F. Sherwood (1942). Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry (6th ed.). William Heinemann.
  6. ↑ A. E. Tutton (1900–1901). "A Comparative Crystallographical Study of the Double Selenates of the Series R2M(SeO4)2.6H2O.--Salts in Which M Is Zinc". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 67 (435–441): 58–84. doi:10.1098/rspl.1900.0002.
  7. ↑ Nyquist, Richard A.; Kagel, Ronald O. (30 March 1972). Handbook of Infrared and Raman Spectra of Inorganic Compounds and Organic Salts: Infrared Spectra of Inorganic Compounds. Academic Press. pp. 297–298. ISBN 9780080878522. Retrieved 18 June 2013. (also includes Ni Cu )
  8. ↑ Lakshman, S.V.J.; T.V.Krishna Rao (1984). "Absorption spectrum of VO2+ ion doped in caesium cadmium sulphate hexahydrate single crystal". Solid State Communications. 49 (6): 567–570. doi:10.1016/0038-1098(84)90193-5. ISSN 0038-1098. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  9. 1 2 3 Swanson, H. E.; H. F. McMurdie, M. C. Morris, and E. H. Evans (September 1970). "Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns" (PDF). National Bureau of Standards Monograph 25 Section 8. National Bureau of Standards. Retrieved 16 June 2013. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  10. ↑ "materials database". Atom Work. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  11. 1 2 "Materials Database". Atom Work. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
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  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Bosi, F.; G. Belardi, P. Ballirano (2009). "Structural features in Tutton's salts K2[M2+(H2O)6](SO4)2, with M2+ = Mg, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn". American Mineralogist. 94 (1): 74–82. doi:10.2138/am.2009.2898. ISSN 0003-004X. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  14. ↑ "materials database". Atom Work. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  15. ↑ Krebs, Robert E. (2006-01-01). The History And Use of Our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 59. ISBN 9780313334382. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Euler, H.; B. Barbier, A. Meents and A. Kirfel (2003). "Crystal structure of Tutton's salts, Cs2[MII(H2O)6](SO4)2, MII = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn" (PDF). Zeitschrift für Kristallographie. New crystal structures. 218 (4): 409–413. doi:10.1524/ncrs.2003.218.4.409. ISSN 1433-7266. Retrieved 15 June 2013. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  17. 1 2 3 Ananthanarayanan, V. (June 1962). "Raman spectra of crystalline double sulphates Part II. Ammonium double sulphates". Zeitschrift für Physik. 166 (3): 318–327. doi:10.1007/BF01380779.
  18. ↑ "Materials database". Atom Work.
  19. ↑ Lim, Ae Ran (2011). "Thermodynamic properties and phase transitions of Tutton salt (NH4)2Co(SO4)2·6H2O crystals". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 109 (3): 1619–1623. doi:10.1007/s10973-011-1849-2. ISSN 1388-6150.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Euler, Harald; Bruno Barbier, Alke Meents, Armin Kirfel (2009). "Crystal structures of Tutton′s salts Tl2[MII(H2O)6](SO4)2, MII = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - New Crystal Structures. 224 (3): 355–359. doi:10.1524/ncrs.2009.0157. ISSN 1433-7266. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  21. ↑ Swanson,, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C. & Evans, E. H.. (September 1969). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C: UNT Digital Library. p. 70. Retrieved June 17, 2013. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  22. 1 2 3 Dobe, Christopher; Christopher Noble, Graham Carver, Philip L. W. Tregenna-Piggott, Garry J. McIntyre, Anne-Laure Barra, Antonia Neels, Stefan Janssen, Fanni Juranyi (2004). "Electronic and Molecular Structure of High-Spin d4 Complexes: Experimental and Theoretical Study of the [Cr(D2O)6]2+Cation in Tutton's Salts". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 126 (50): 16639–16652. doi:10.1021/ja046095c. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 15600370. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  23. ↑ Dobe, Christopher; Hans-Peter Andres, Philip L.W. Tregenna-Piggott, Susanne Mossin, Høgni Weihe, Stefan Janssen (2002). "Variable temperature inelastic neutron scattering study of chromium(II) Tutton salt: manifestation of the 5E ⊗ e Jahn–Teller effect". Chemical Physics Letters. 362 (5-6): 387–396. doi:10.1016/S0009-2614(02)01131-4. ISSN 0009-2614. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  24. 1 2 3 "materials database". Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  25. ↑ Zhou, Dawei; R. W. Kreilick (1993). "Electron spin exchange in single crystals of copper Tutton's salt (Cu(H2O)6(NH4)2SO4)". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 97 (37): 9304–9310. doi:10.1021/j100139a009. ISSN 0022-3654. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  26. 1 2 Ballirano, Paolo; Girolamo Belardi (2007). "Rietveld refinement of the Tutton's salt Rb2[Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2from parallel-beam X-ray powder diffraction data". Acta Crystallographica Section E. 63 (2): i56–i58. doi:10.1107/S1600536807002656. ISSN 1600-5368. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  27. ↑ Ballirano, Paolo; Girolamo Belardi, Ferdinando Bosi (2007). "Redetermination of the Tutton's salt Cs2[Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2". Acta Crystallographica Section E. 63 (7): i164–i165. doi:10.1107/S1600536807029790. ISSN 1600-5368. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  28. ↑ Swanson,, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C. & Evans, E. H.. (September 1969). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C: UNT Digital Library. p. 14. Retrieved June 17, 2013. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  29. 1 2 Simmons, Charles J.; Michael A. Hitchman, Horst Stratemeier, Arthur J. Schultz (1993). "High-pressure, low-temperature, single-crystal neutron diffraction study of deuterated and hydrogenous ammonium hexaaquacopper(II) sulfate (Tutton's salt): a pressure-switchable Jahn-Teller distortion". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 115 (24): 11304–11311. doi:10.1021/ja00077a032. ISSN 0002-7863. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  30. 1 2 3 "976 Diammonium hexaquacopper(ii) sulfate ((NH4)2[Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2) (ICSD 62991)". openmopac. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  31. ↑ Swanson,, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C. & Evans, E. H.. (September 1969). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C: UNT Digital Library. p. 72. Retrieved June 17, 2013. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  32. ↑ Swanson, H. E.; H. F. McMurdie, M. C. Morris, and E. H. Evans (September 1970). "Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns" (PDF). National Bureau of Standards Monograph 25 Section 8. National Bureau of Standards. p. 64. Retrieved 16 June 2013. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  33. ↑ Swanson,, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C. & Evans, E. H.. (September 1969). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C: UNT Digital Library. p. 14. Retrieved June 17, 2013. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  34. ↑ "Mohrite" (PDF). Mineral Data Publishing. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  35. ↑ Swanson, H. E.; H. F. McMurdie, M. C. Morris, and E. H. Evans (September 1970). "Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns" (PDF). National Bureau of Standards Monograph 25 Section 8. National Bureau of Standards. p. 87. Retrieved 16 June 2013. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  36. ↑ Swanson, H. E.; H. F. McMurdie, M. C. Morris, and E. H. Evans (September 1970). "Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns" (PDF). National Bureau of Standards Monograph 25 Section 8. National Bureau of Standards. p. 54. Retrieved 16 June 2013. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  37. ↑ Somasekharam, V.; Y.P. Reddy (1985). "Spectroscopic studies on vanadyl ion in rubidium magnesium sulphate hexahydrate". Solid State Communications. 53 (8): 695–697. doi:10.1016/0038-1098(85)90380-1. ISSN 0038-1098. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  38. ↑ Swanson,, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C. & Evans, E. H.. (September 1970). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 8. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C: UNT Digital Library. p. 70. Retrieved June 17, 2013. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  39. ↑ Swanson,, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C. & Evans, E. H.. (September 1969). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C: UNT Digital Library. p. 18. Retrieved June 17, 2013. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  40. ↑ Chand, Prem; R. Murali Krishna, J. Lakshmana Rao, S. V. J. Lakshman (1993). "EPR and optical studies of vanadyl complexes in two host-crystals of Tutton salts of thallium". Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids. 127 (2): 245–254. doi:10.1080/10420159308220322. ISSN 1042-0150. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  41. ↑ "ICSD for WWW". Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  42. ↑ Euler, H.; B. Barbier, S. Klumpp, and A. Kirfel (2000). "Crystal structure of Tutton's salts, Rb2[MII(H2O)6](SO4)2, MII = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn" (PDF). Zeitschrift für Kristallographie. New crystal structures. 215 (4): 473–476. doi:10.1515/ncrs-2000-0408. ISSN 1433-7266. Retrieved 15 June 2013. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  43. 1 2 Swanson,, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C. & Evans, E. H.. (September 1969). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C: UNT Digital Library. p. 20. Retrieved June 17, 2013. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  44. ↑ Montgomery, H.; R. V. Chastain, E. C. Lingafelter (1966). "The crystal structure of Tutton's salts. V. Manganese ammonium sulfate hexahydrate". Acta Crystallographica. 20 (6): 731–733. doi:10.1107/S0365110X66001762. ISSN 0365-110X. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  45. ↑ Swanson,, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C. & Evans, E. H.. (September 1970). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 8. Data for 81 Substances (PDF). Washington D.C. p. 12. Retrieved June 17, 2013. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  46. ↑ Nalbandyan, V. B. (29 February 2012). "Thallium manganese sulfate hexahydrate, a missing Tutton's salt, and a brief review of the entire family". Powder Diffraction. 23 (01): 52–55. doi:10.1154/1.2840634.
  47. 1 2 3 Wang, Xia; Xinxin Zhuang, Genbo Su, Youping He (2008). "A new ultraviolet filter: Rb2Ni (SO4)2·6H2O (RNSH) single crystal" (PDF). Optical Materials. 31 (2): 233–236. doi:10.1016/j.optmat.2008.03.020. ISSN 0925-3467. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  48. ↑ Swanson,, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C. & Evans, E. H.. (September 1969). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C: UNT Digital Library. p. 23. Retrieved June 17, 2013. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  49. ↑ Montgomery, H.; E.C. Lingafelter (10 November 1964). "The crystal structure of Tutton's salts. II. Magnesium ammonium sulfate hexahydrate and nickel ammonium sulfate hexahydrate". Acta Crystallographica. International Union of Crystallography. 17 (11): 1478. doi:10.1107/s0365110x6400367x. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  50. ↑ Morris, Marlene C; McMurdie, Howard F.; Evans, Eloise H.; Paretzkin, Boris; Hubbard, Camden R. & Carmel, Simon J. Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 17. Data for 54 Substances. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  51. ↑ https://archive.org/stream/philtrans02006988/02006988_djvu.txt
  52. ↑ Swanson,, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C. & Evans, E. H.. (September 1969). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C: UNT Digital Library. p. 78. Retrieved June 17, 2013. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  53. 1 2 Bernhard, Paul; Ludi, Andreas (March 1984). "Infrared and Raman spectra of the hexaaquaruthenium ions: normal-coordinate analysis for Ru(H2O)62+ and Ru(H2O)63+". Inorganic Chemistry. 23 (7): 870–872. doi:10.1021/ic00175a015.
  54. ↑ Mido, M. Satake & Y.; Satake, M. (2010-01-01). Chemistry Of Transition Elements. Discovery Publishing House. p. 43. ISBN 9788171412433. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  55. ↑ Montgomery, H.; B. Morosin, J. J. Natt, A. M. Witkowska, E. C. Lingafelter (1967). "The crystal structure of Tutton's salts. VI. Vanadium(II), iron(II) and cobalt(II) ammonium sulfate hexahydrates". Acta Crystallographica. 22 (6): 775–780. doi:10.1107/S0365110X67001550. ISSN 0365-110X. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  56. ↑ Swanson,, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C. & Evans, E. H.. (September 1969). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C: UNT Digital Library. p. 43. Retrieved June 17, 2013. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  57. ↑ Somasekharam, V; Prasad, P Siva; Ramesh, K; Reddy, Y P (1 February 1986). "Electronic Spectra of VO and Cu Ions in Rubidium Zinc Sulphate Hexahydrate". Physica Scripta. 33 (2): 169–172. doi:10.1088/0031-8949/33/2/014.
  58. ↑ Swanson,, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C. & Evans, E. H.. (September 1969). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C: UNT Digital Library. p. 55. Retrieved June 17, 2013. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  59. ↑ Lakshmana Rao, J.; K. Purandar (1980). "Absorption spectrum of VO2+ in zinc cesium sulphate hexahydrate". Solid State Communications. 33 (3): 363–364. doi:10.1016/0038-1098(80)91171-0. ISSN 0038-1098. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  60. ↑ Swanson,, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C. & Evans, E. H.. (September 1969). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C: UNT Digital Library. p. 25. Retrieved June 17, 2013. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  61. ↑ Voigt, W.; S. Göring (1994). "Melting of Tutton's salts studied by DSC". Thermochimica Acta. 237 (1): 13–26. doi:10.1016/0040-6031(94)85179-4. ISSN 0040-6031. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  62. ↑ Chand, Prem; Krishna, R. Murali; Rao, J. Lakshmana; Lakshman, S. V. J. (November 1993). "EPR and optical studies of vanadyl complexes in two host-crystals of Tutton salts of thallium". Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids. 127 (2): 245–254. doi:10.1080/10420159308220322.
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