Trithemis annulata

Trithemis annulata
Both males
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Odonata
Family: Libellulidae
Genus: Trithemis
Species: T. annulata
Binomial name
Trithemis annulata
(Beauvois, 1807)

Trithemis annulata, known commonly as the violet dropwing, violet-marked darter, purple-blushed darter or plum-coloured dropwing, is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. It is found in most of Africa, in the Middle East, in the Arabian Peninsula and southern Europe. These insects are called dropwings because of their habit of immediately lowering their wings after landing on a perch. Males of this species are violet-red with red veins in the wings while females are yellow and brown. Both sexes have red eyes.

Subspecies

The following subspecies are recognised as valid:[2]

Description

Trithemis annulata is a robust medium-sized species with a wingspan of 60 mm (2.4 in). The mature male has a dark red head and a yellow labium with brown central spot. The eyes are red with white spots on the rear edge, and the frons is dark metallic purplish-red. The prothorax is violet with slightly darker longitudinal stripes. The membranous wings have distinctive red veins, the pterostigma is orange-brown and there is a large orange-brown splash at the base of the hind wings. The abdomen is fairly broad and is pinkish-violet, with purple markings on the top of each segment and blackish markings on the terminal three segments. Females are a similar size to males but the thorax is brownish and the abdomen is yellow with dark brown markings. The wings of females lack the red veins of males but have similar orange-brown patches.[3] It is very similar in appearance to the red-veined dropwing (Trithemis arteriosa), but that species has a more slender abdomen and a wedge-shaped black area on either side of the tip of the abdomen.[3]

Distribution

Trithemis annulata is found in most of Africa and also in France, Cyprus, Greece, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Mauritius, Oman, Portugal, Qatar, Réunion, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates and Yemen.[1] It was also recorded in the Maltese islands in 2005 and found breeding there in 2007.[4] With the advent of global warming, it is increasing its range northwards in Europe and in the late 1990s advanced from southern Spain and southern Italy into France, and from Greece and Turkey into Central Europe.[5] One such place where it has become established is the floodplain of the River Ebro in northeastern Spain.[6]

Ecology

Trithemis annulata is an adaptable species, and the adults are able to tolerate a range of habitats including semi-arid rangeland. They can be seen flying near sluggish rivers, in marshes and also beside still-water ponds. They are sometimes seen in brackish water habitats, although it is unclear whether they actually breed in salty water. The larvae develop rapidly, so these dragonflies are able to make use of temporary water bodies for breeding. Males are often to be seen perching on the twigs of waterside shrubs and on rocks in the sunshine, but in the evening or when the sun is obscured, they move into trees.[1][7]

The female T. annulata is thought to deposit her eggs by flying over the surface and dipping the tip of her abdomen in the water. The larvae develop in water where they are aggressive predators. The adults are also predators, using their excellent eyesight to detect prey and their legs to hold and carry their victims.[8]

Status

Trithemis annulata is a very common species throughout its wide range which includes most of Africa, the Mediterranean area, the Arabian Peninsula and the Near East. Although it may be threatened locally by habitat loss, in general it seems to be increasing in abundance, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of least concern.[1]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Boudot, J.-P.; Clausnitzer, V.; Ferreira, S.; Suhling, F.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B.; Schneider, W.; Samraoui, B. (2013). "Trithemis annulata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 2015-04-27.
  2. ↑ "Trithemis annulata". TrekNature. Retrieved 2015-04-28.
  3. 1 2 Michael J. Samways (2008). Dragonflies and Damselflies of South Africa. Pensoft Publishers. p. 178. ISBN 978-954-642-330-6.
  4. ↑ Sciberras, A.; Sciberras, J. and Magro D. (2007) "A Celebration of Dragonflies". The Malta Independent. November 19, pp. 8–9.
  5. ↑ Burga, Conradin A.; Edwards, Peter J. (2001). “Fingerprints” of Climate Change: Adapted Behaviour and Shifting Species Ranges ; [proceedings of the International Conference "Fingerprints" for Climate Change: Adapted Behaviour and Shifting Species Ranges, Held February 23 - 25, 2001, at Ascona, Switzerland]. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 96–105. ISBN 978-0-306-46716-5.
  6. ↑ Damià Barceló; Mira Petrovic; J. Armengol (2011). The Ebro River Basin. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 132. ISBN 978-3-642-18031-6.
  7. ↑ Picker, Mike; Griffiths, Charles; Alan Weaving (2004). Field Guide to Insects of South Africa. Struik. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-77007-061-5.
  8. ↑ "Violet dropwing (Trithemis annulata)". ARKive. Retrieved 2015-04-28.
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