Transport in Melbourne

Yarra Trams Z class tram beside a Melbourne Bus Link, with a Metro Alstom X'trapolis passing above.
Road map of the Melbourne metropolitan area by OpenStreetMap.

Transport in Melbourne consists of extensive networks and a wide variety of transport services in the city of Melbourne, Australia, including:

According to the 2006 Census, in terms of travel to work or study Melbourne has the second highest rate of public transport usage among Australian capital cities with 17.7%, however this is a far distant second to Sydney's 26.3% and only just greater than Brisbane's 17.5%.[2] As of 2009, the share of public transport measured in passenger kilometres is around 11%, with private motor vehicle accounting for 89%.[3] Melbourne has more roadspace per capita than any Australian city and its network of freeways is comparable with cities including Los Angeles and Atlanta[4] and the city is also home to much of Australia's Automotive industry (although Holden, Ford and Toyota will pull out at the end of 2017,[5] 2013[6] and the end of 2017[7] respectively). In 2002, the state government set an "aspirational goal" as part of Melbourne 2030 for this mode share to decrease to 80%, however the Eddington Report released in 2008 concluded that the mode share of private vehicles is likely to stay the same (or increase) to over 90% in 2005.[8] This is despite booming figures for public transport growth in recent years[9] and despite studies into road congestion in 2008, official VicRoads figures showed no growth in car travel on Melbourne's roads,[10] possibly due to roads reaching full capacity.

Public transport

Trams pass trains on the Flinders Street Viaduct in the Melbourne CBD

Melbourne is served by a public transport system integrating rail, tram and bus services. Its extensive tram network is the largest in the world, integrated into both bus and train networks. Almost 300 bus routes and a train system comprising 16 lines service Melbourne, Greater Melbourne and suburban regions. Metropolitan, rural and interstate railway networks link together at Southern Cross Station, in Melbourne's CBD (Central Business District).

A Space Syntax Approach Multiple Centrality Analysis of Melbourne's public transport network (excluding buses which were deemed too inefficient) in 2009, found that approximately 8.8% of the greater urban area and approximately 448,000 residents were serviced within 30 minutes of anywhere in the greater Melbourne area. This concluded that only 10–15% of the residents in Melbourne are serviced by appropriate and timely public transport.

The public transport system in Melbourne carries 7% of all trips within the metropolitan area.[11] In early 2009 this figure increased to 9%, with the share measured in passenger kilometres increasing to 11%.[3]

Since World War II, Melbourne urban form changed to a dispersed city, car-oriented pattern which caused a decline in public transport use by commuters.[12] Yet the old pattern of transport still reflected the Melbourne’s urban form.[12]

A-class Melbourne tram in Swanston Street

In 1999, operation of the city's public transport system was franchised with Government through a dedicated statutory office, the Director of Public Transport, contracting out operation of rail and tram services. In 2006, franchising was estimated to have cost taxpayers $1.2 billion more than if the system had remained publicly operated. With the franchise extensions in 2009, taxpayers will pay an estimated $2.1 billion more by 2010.[13]

Melbourne has an integrated public transport ticketing system through the contactless ticketing system myki. Myki operates on all of Melbourne's Trains (Metro and V/Line), Trams and Buses it requires commuters to "touch-on" and "touch-off" at every entry and exit point.[14] The rollout for myki began on Tuesday 29 December 2009, beginning with Melbourne's metropolitan railway network, and progressively onto trams, buses and regional trains (V/Line). Took over from Metcard as the only valid ticketing system on 30 June 2013.

Myki Replaced the older Metcard as the only valid ticketing system on 30 June 2013.[15] The Metcard system that used Magstrip technology and required to be validated, It also allowed use on all Train, Trams and Buses in the metropolitan system and some regional trains and coaches.

A public bike-hire system came into service in mid-2010. Due to laws requiring all bike users to wear helmets (or face a fine of A$176), usage on the system has been lower than seen in other cities with similar systems. An attempt by the government has been made to rectify this by having helmet vending machines at some of the major bike stations, allowing spur-of-the-moment travel without risking a fine. The success of this is disputed. Public debate about the helmet laws remains ongoing.

Melbourne transit is unique in the way that the stations are considerably closer to each other than are other similar train services. Melbourne is also unique in the fact that most of the forms of mass transport in the city would actually be considered hybrids if not a class of their own. The tramway is, by definition (excluding station distances), a tramway/light rail hybrid.[16] Similarly, the Melbourne trains are commuter rails/heavy rails hybrids.[17] Passenger trains in Victoria do, however, have regional rail and inter-city rail (non-hybrid).

As of October 2013, smoking tobacco is prohibited in the sheltered areas of train stations, and tram and bus stops—between 2012 and 2013, 2002 people were issued with infringement notices. The state government announced a plan in October 2013 to prohibit smoking on all Victorian railway station platforms and raised tram stops.[18] This plan was implemented on the 1st of March 2014 prohibiting smoking at all metropolitan public transport infrastructure.

Bus

Ventura Bus Lines operated bus
Main article: Buses in Melbourne

The bus network is run by several bus companies (approximately 50) under a franchise from the State Government. There are approximately 300 routes in operation with a varying range of service frequencies. A NightRider bus system operates on Friday and Saturday nights, and a Smart Bus orbital bus network is being set up, which is intended to facilitate cross city travel, while the current network is predominantly a radial network. All of the buses in Melbourne use the Myki ticketing system. The Skybus Super Shuttle is a non-Myki based airport bus service. In addition, several local government councils operate free local community bus services within their local areas.

Tram

D1 class tram operated by Yarra Trams
Main article: Trams in Melbourne

Melbourne has the world's largest tram network, consisting of 245 kilometres of track, nearly 500 trams on 28 routes, and 1,813 tram stops. Two light-rail routes are also a part of the tram network. The tram network is a part of the Public Transport Victoria network and a part of the Myki ticketing system.

The tram network is operated by Keolis Downer, a private company trading as Yarra Trams after winning a contract to run the tram network from a company trading under the same name. Trams operate on many of the major roads in the inner suburbs, but only some trams operate on roads in middle and outer suburbs.

Heritage trams operate on the free City Circle route, intended for visitors to Melbourne, and privately run Colonial Tramcar Restaurant trams travel through the city during the evening.

Suburban Rail

X'Trapolis 100 train operated by Metro Trains Melbourne.
Main article: Railways in Melbourne

Melbourne's metro train network is operated by Metro Trains Melbourne, a private company, which took over from Connex Melbourne on 30 November 2009.[19] The rail network consists of 16 railway lines and is a part of the Metro network and a part of the Myki ticketing system. Several sections of lines which are part of the V/Line network and which fall into the metropolitan area are also covered by Myki.

With the exception of the Stony Point line and the greater metropolitan lines served by V/Line, the rest of the suburban railway network is electrified and services are operated by a fleet of 326 EMU trains.

Regional Rail

V/Line operated VLocity diesel train

Melbourne is the centre of a statewide railway network, consisting of various lines used for both freight and passenger services.

Intrastate passenger services are operated by V/Line and a fleet of locomotive hauled trains and Diesel Multiple Units. There are seven passenger railway lines connecting Melbourne to various towns and cities in Victoria. Four of these lines were upgraded as part of the Regional Fast Rail project. The centre of the regional passenger railway network is Southern Cross Station located in the Melbourne CBD.

Melbourne is also connected to Sydney by the NSW TrainLink XPT and Adelaide by Great Southern Rail's The Overland.

Passenger Mode share

Chart of Melbourne's Metropolitan Transport Usage between 2000 and 2009 based on official state government figures.
Melbourne metropolitan trips in 2008[20]
Public Transport 9%
Car 91%
Trips to Melbourne CBD in 2006[21]
Public transport 80%
Car 20%
Passenger trips by motorised mode Mode Million trips
Private Car (driver or passenger) 2190
Metro Train 201.2
Tram 170
Bus 91.3

Public Transport Pricing

Melbourne uses an integrated Public Transport system covering all modes of transport (Train, Bus, Tram) that is divided into 2 Zones (excluding the newly introduced free tram zone covering the CBD and some surrounding areas.)

Myki allows for 2 forms of tickets, either Myki-money that allows money to be loaded onto a Myki and let the system select the "best fare" and the Myki-pass where commuters must pre buy tickets (or passes). For regular travels the Pass system can work out cheaper.

Myki money 2 hour fare
2 Hour Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 1+2
Full $3.76 $2.60 $3.76
Concession $1.88 $1.30 $1.88
Myki money Daily fare
Daily Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 1+2
Full $7.52 $5.20 $7.52
Concession $3.76 $2.60 $3.76
Daily Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 1+2
Myki Daily fare caps
Weekend Daily Cap $6.00
Public Holiday Cap $6.00
Seniors Daily cap $3.76
Myki pass 7 day fare
2 Hour Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 1+2
Full - $26.00 $37.60
Concession - $13.00 $18.80
Myki pass 28-365**day fare
Daily Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 1+2
Full - $3.06 $4.62
Concession - $1.53 $2.31

[22]

Rail freight

Pacific National locomotive at the Melbourne Steel Terminal, June 2006

The Port of Melbourne is Australia's largest container and general cargo port.[23] Regular shipping lines operate to around 300 cities around the world and 3200 ships visit the port each year. The Port of Melbourne is located in the inner west of Melbourne, near the junction of the Maribyrnong and Yarra rivers.

Container crane and ship at Swanson Dock East

On 8 February 2008 the Port Phillip Channel Deepening Project, a dredging project to deepen Melbourne's shipping channels, began.

Melbourne also has an extensive network of railway lines and yards to serve freight traffic. The lines are of two gauges – 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm) broad gauge and 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge, and are not electrified. In the inner western suburbs of the city, freight trains have their own lines to operate upon, but in other areas trains are required to share the tracks with Metro Trains Melbourne and V/Line passenger services. The majority of freight terminals are located in the inner suburbs about the Port of Melbourne, located between the Melbourne CBD and Footscray.

Until the 1980s a number of suburban stations had their own goods yards, with freight trains running over the suburban network, often with the E or L class electric locomotives.

Airports

Melbourne Airport

Melbourne Airport, located in the north-western suburb of Tullamarine, is the nation's second busiest airport. Over 30 airlines and 22 million international and domestic passengers are served and service there each year.[24] The airport is a hub for passenger airlines Qantas, Jetstar Airways, Tiger Airways Australia and Virgin Australia; and cargo airlines Australian air Express and Toll Priority.

Melbourne's second major passenger airport, Avalon Airport (Melbourne Avalon), is south-west of Melbourne, and north-east of Geelong. Avalon Airport is primarily used by Jetstar and operates flights to Brisbane, Sydney and Perth. AirAsia X was expected to commence flights from Avalon to Kuala Lumpur in October 2009, providing a low-cost service. This provides Melbourne with a second international airport, unique among all capital cities in Australia.

Melbourne's first major airport, Essendon Airport, is no longer used for scheduled international flights. Although a small number of regional airline flights operate from there it caters mainly to general aviation. The airport is also home to the state's Air Ambulance service.

Moorabbin Airport is located to the south of Melbourne, and is primarily used for recreational flying and for flying lessons. Moorabbin is also used for a small number of regional airline services, most notably to King Island, Tasmania. Moorabbin is a GAAP airport and its code is YMMB.

Airbase RAAF Point Cook, where the Royal Australian Air Force originated, is located near the city's south-western limits.

Road transport

Eastern Freeway, looking towards the City

Motor vehicles are the predominate travel mode, as a result the freeways and roads in Melbourne are critically congested during peak hours. Many residents are car dependent due to minimal public transport outside of the inner city – the city is one of the most car-dependent cities in the world. The freeway network is the largest of any Australian city,[1] with an extensive grid of arterial roads; the locations of which date back to the initial surveying of the city.

The total urban road area in Melbourne is 21,381 kilometres.[25]

The beginnings of the freeway network was the 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan, which included a grid of freeways that would cover the entire metropolitan area. In 1973 these plans were reviewed, with a large number of inner city projects deleted.

Freeways that were built throughout the 1960s and '70s included the South Eastern Arterial (now part of the Monash Freeway), the Tullamarine Freeway, the Lower Yarra Freeway (now West Gate Freeway) and the Eastern Freeway.

Further expansion occurred over the next thirty years, with the 'missing links' between the existing freeways built – completion of the Monash Freeway, CityLink, and the Western Ring Road. This period also saw further freeway expansion into suburbia with the Mornington Peninsula Freeway, Eastern Freeway extension, and the South Gippsland Freeway being constructed.

2008 saw the construction and opening of the EastLink radial freeway, as well as further extensions of existing freeways.

Despite government figures slowed growth in road travel since 2006 and zero growth in 2008/09[26] and the government's goal to reduce road use to 80% of all motorised trips, the State government announced a massive road infrastructure investment, continuing to complete some of the road projects from the 1969 Transport plan including Peninsula Link, East West Link and North East Link.

Peninsula Link was completed in 2013.

Bicycle

Melbourne Bike Share station on Macarthur St
Main article: Cycling in Melbourne

Melbourne has an extensive network of bicycle paths and bicycle lanes on roads. These paths are used for both recreation and for commuting.

Around two per cent of all journeys in Melbourne are made by bicycle.

On 31 May 2010 the first public bicycle sharing system in Australia was launched in Melbourne.[27] On completion the system will consist of 50 docking stations with 600 bikes, situated around the Melbourne CBD.[28]

Taxi

Trams and taxis in Melbourne
Taxis on Collins Street

Taxis in Melbourne are regulated by the Taxi Services Commission which commenced that role on 1 July 2013[29][30] and began operation on 19 July. The inquiry is resulting in major reforms to Victoria's taxi industry and have far reaching impacts on taxi services in Melbourne and beyond.[31] They are required to be painted canary yellow, but since October 2008 those that can operate at peak times, at night and at special events only must have green tops. Taxis operate and charge on a meter. There are 4,660 licensed taxis in Melbourne (including 443 wheelchair-accessible taxis).[32]

Ferry

Public Transport Victoria oversees two ferry services in Victoria;[33] the Westgate Punt between Spotswood and Fishermans Bend, and the French Island Ferry operating between Stony Point railway station, French Island and Cowes on Phillip Island.

Station Pier in Port Phillip Bay is where cruise ships and ferries dock; the Spirit of Tasmania which crosses Bass Strait to Tasmania docks here. Privately run ferries and cruises also travel from Southbank along the Yarra River and around the bay to Williamstown, and also across Port Phillip Bay.

Legislation and governance

Transport Integration Act

The prime transport statute in Victoria is the Transport Integration Act. The Act establishes and sets the charters of the state agencies charged with providing transport services and managing the state's transport system. The Department of Transport is the agency responsible for the integration and coordination of Victoria's transport system and decision makers. The other key state agencies are –

Recent organisational changes

A new Victorian Government was elected in late November 2010. There have been a number of significant organisational changes made by the Government through substantial change to the Transport Integration Act.

Public Transport Development Authority

A key policy of the Government leading into the election was to create a Public Transport Development Authority (PTDA). The Government positioned the VTDA as an agency which is independent and which will coordinate all aspects of public transport in Victoria.[34][35] The Government indicated that the authority will plan, co-ordinate, manage and administer metropolitan trams, buses and trains, regional trains and buses, replacing the current structure of multiple agencies. The body was established in late 2011[36] and is expected to be fully operational by mid-2012.[37] Planning for the Melbourne Airport, Rowville and Doncaster rail lines may be overseen by the new transport authority.[38][39] The PTDA or Public Transport Victoria is now fully operational and has fully taken over the rail, tram and bus responsibilities of the Director of Public Transport and the activities of the Transport Ticketing Authority and MetLink which have each been abolished.

Taxi Services Commission

The Government announced a Taxi Industry Inquiry and the establishment of a Taxi Services Commission (TSC) in early 2011.[40] The inquiry was headed by Professor Allan Fels and is well underway. The agency which conducted the inquiry, the TSC, was announced as the successor to the current taxi industry regulator, the Victorian Taxi Directorate (part of the office of the Director of Public Transport which in turn forms part of the Department of Transport). The Government introduced special legislation to empower the inquiry – the Transport Legislation Amendment (Taxi Services Reform and Other Matters) Act 2011 – which was enacted in late June 2011. The TSC was formally established on 19 July 2011 and formally took over as the States's taxi and hire car regulator on 1 July 2013.

Port of Hastings Development Authority

The Government reversed the merger of the Port of Melbourne Corporation (PMC) and the Port of Hastings Corporation which occurred in late 2010. Ports Minister, Dr Denis Napthine, devised a new agency, the Port of Hastings Development Authority, oversee the development of the port of Hastings as a competitor in container trade to the PMC.[41] Legislation for this purpose was passed by the Victorian Parliament[42] towards the end of 2011 and the authority commenced operation on 1 January 2012.

Safety regulation and investigation

Rail Safety

Main article: Rail Safety Act

The safety of rail operations in Melbourne is regulated by the Rail Safety Act 2006 which applies to all commercial passenger and freight operations as well as tourist and heritage railways.[43] The Act creates a framework containing safety duties for all rail industry participants and requires rail operators who manage infrastructure and rolling stock to obtain accreditation prior to commencing operations. Accredited rail operators are also required to have a safety management system to guide their operations. Sanctions applying to the safety scheme established under the Rail Safety Act are contained in the Transport (Compliance and Miscellaneous) Act 1983.[44]

Bus and marine safety

Main article: Bus Safety Act

Safety regulation of the bus and marine sectors is also overseen by the Director, Transport Safety under the Bus Safety Act 2009 and the Marine Act 1988 respectively. These sectors are also subject to a no blame safety investigations regime conducted by the Chief Investigator, Transport Safety.

Safety regulator

The safety regulator for the rail, bus and marine systems in Melbourne is the Director, Transport Safety (trading as Transport Safety Victoria). The Director's office is established under the Transport Integration Act 2010.

Safety investigations

Rail, bus and marine operators in Victoria can also be the subject of no blame investigations conducted by the Chief Investigator, Transport Safety or the Australian Transport Safety Bureau(ATSB). The Chief Investigator is charged by the Transport Integration Act[45] with conducting investigations into rail, bus and marine safety matters including incidents and trends. ATSB, on the other hand, has jurisdiction over rail matters only where they occur on the Designated Interstate Rail Network, marine matters if the ships are under Commonwealth or AMSA regulation and bus safety matters by invitation of the jurisdiction.

Ticketing and conduct requirements

Ticketing requirements for rail, tram and buses services in Victoria are mainly contained in the Transport (Ticketing) Regulations 2006[46] and the Victorian Fares and Ticketing Manual.[47] Rules about safe and fair behaviour on trains and trams in Victoria are generally contained in the Transport (Compliance and Miscellaneous) Act 1983[48] and the Transport (Conduct) Regulations 2005.[49] Conduct requirements for buses are set out in the same Act as well as the Transport (Passenger Vehicles) Regulations 2005.

Timeline

During Melbourne's history, the transport system and infrastructure has been subject to strategic planning at several levels of government.

1837
1844
1849
1850
1854
1858
1885
1889
First electric tram between Doncaster and Box Hill.
1890
1912
1919
1934
1940
1966
1969
1970
1971
1977
1980
1981
1982
1983
1985
1989
1992
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2015

References

  1. 1 2 "PTUA – 'The Alternative to Melbourne's Freeway Explosion'". Retrieved 26 July 2007.
  2. ↑ 4102.0 – Australian Social Trends, 2008. Abs.gov.au.
  3. 1 2 Evidence of mode shift in Australian cities (BITRE data) " Charting Transport. Chartingtransport.wordpress.com (8 January 2010).
  4. ↑ Archived 6 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  5. ↑ AUSmotive.com (11 December 2013). "Holden to cease local production in 2017". AUSmotive.com. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
  6. ↑ "Ford Australia to close Broadmeadows and Geelong plants, 1,200 jobs to go". ABC News (Australia). 2013-05-23. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
  7. ↑ Hawthorne, Mark (10 February 2014). "Toyota to exit Australia, 30,000 jobs could go". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
  8. ↑ Millar, Royce; Mann, Simon (3 May 2008). "A city on the edge". The Age. Melbourne, Australia.
  9. ↑ "Get used to crowded trains, says Lynne Kosky's right-hand man". 19 May 2009.
  10. ↑ Lucas, Clay (16 March 2009). "Hoddle Street chockers". The Age. Melbourne, Australia.
  11. ↑ "Study: Metropolitan Transport Forum" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2006. Retrieved 20 January 2009.
  12. 1 2 Gleeson, B., Curtis, C., & Low, N. (2003). ‘Barriers to Sustainable Transport in Australia’, in N. Low and B. Gleeson (eds.), Making Urban Transport Sustainable, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, pp. 201–220.
  13. ↑ Birnbauer, William (9 April 2006). "$1.2bn sting in the rail". Age. Melbourne: Fairfax. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
  14. ↑ http://ptv.vic.gov.au/tickets/myki/touching-on-and-off
  15. ↑ "Refunds and replacements". Public Transport Victoria. Retrieved 2013-07-02.
  16. ↑ Comparison between trams and light rail. Human Transit (26 March 2010).
  17. ↑ Railways in Melbourne
  18. ↑ AAP (13 October 2013). "Vic transport smoking bans to be extended". The Australian. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
  19. ↑ New train, tram companies open for business, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 30 November 2009.
  20. ↑ "Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice: Delivering trusting partnerships for route bus services: A Melbourne case study". ScienceDirect. 1 July 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  21. ↑ Melbourne City Council’s Central City User survey of 2006
  22. ↑ http://ptv.vic.gov.au/tickets/metropolitan-myki-fares/
  23. ↑ "DoI media release – 'GOVERNMENT OUTLINES VISION FOR PORT OF MELBOURNE FREIGHT HUB' – 14 August 2006". Retrieved 26 July 2007.
  24. ↑ "Melbourne Airport – Statistics". Archived from the original on 5 July 2007. Retrieved 26 July 2007.
  25. ↑ "Urban Australia: Where most of us live". Eoc.csiro.au. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  26. ↑ Lucas, Clay (17 March 2009). "Hard times just the ticket for public transport". The Age. Melbourne, Australia.
  27. ↑ ABC: Melbourne bike share not a sure thing. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
  28. ↑ Clay Lucas: Share scheme out of the blocks for city cyclists in The Age 1 June 2010. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
  29. ↑ Taxi availability and service is a major issue in Melbourne and Victoria. On 28 March 2011, the Premier Ted Baillieu announced a major inquiry into the taxi sector – the Taxi Industry Inquiry – which is being conducted by the Taxi Services Commission being headed by Professor Allan Fels. Legislation was passed by the Victorian Parliament in late June 2011 to create the Commission.
  30. ↑ Transport Legislation Amendment (Taxi Services Reform and Other Matters) Act 2011.
  31. ↑ "Taxis and hire vehicles – Structure of the taxi industry". Doi.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
  32. ↑ http://taxi.vic.gov.au/about-us/overview/industry-statistics
  33. ↑ "Ferries". Public Transport Victoria. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
  34. ↑ "Date" (PDF). Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  35. ↑ Lucas, Clay (15 November 2010). "Baillieu revives airport rail link". The Age. Melbourne, Australia.
  36. ↑ See the Transport Legislation Amendment (Public Transport Development Authority) Act 2011.
  37. ↑ "Hoddle Street expressway plan ditched". Herald Sun. Australia: News. 21 March 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  38. ↑ Lucas, Clay (15 November 2010). "Baillieu revives airport rail link". The Age. Melbourne, Australia.
  39. ↑ Rolfe, Peter; Campbell, James (24 April 2011). "$20Mil For New Rail Links". Sunday Herald Sun.
  40. ↑ Premier of Victoria, media release, 28 March 2011.
  41. ↑ Dr Denis Napthine, Minister for Ports, press release, "Big Plans for Port of Hastings", 30 March 2011.
  42. ↑ The Transport Legislation Amendment (Port of Hastings Development Authority) Bill 2011.
  43. ↑ Official copy of the Rail Safety Act from the Victorian Government legislation web site – http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/Domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/LTObject_Store/LTObjSt3.nsf/DDE300B846EED9C7CA257616000A3571/6D4190C62DE6207FCA257761002C568A/$FILE/06-9a016.pdf
  44. ↑ See Part 7 of the Act. Official copy of the Transport (Compliance and Miscellaneous) Act 1983 from the official Victorian Government legislation site – http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/Domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/LTObject_Store/LTObjSt5.nsf/DDE300B846EED9C7CA257616000A3571/7BB774D3E0245B77CA2577CE00030B90/$FILE/83-9921a153.pdf
  45. ↑ Transport Integration Act 2010, Part 7.
  46. ↑ "Transport (Ticketing) Regulations 2006" (PDF). Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  47. ↑ Your guide to public transport in Melbourne and Victoria. "Victorian Fares and Ticketing Manual – Metlink – Your guide to public transport in Melbourne and Victoria". Metlinkmelbourne.com.au. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  48. ↑ "Victorian Law Today Act". Legislation.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  49. ↑ "Victorian Law Today Statutory Rule". Legislation.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  50. ↑ http://www.budget.vic.gov.au/domino/web_notes/budgets/budget00.nsf/77a4bf9f4e5005c64a2567600023b4a3/54fd7a0b57d7c68a4a2568d300243240!OpenDocument
  51. ↑ http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/MediaRelArc02.nsf/4d9fa39283ff510d4a256b36001bd4e0/b88151674d2071734a256bd7000598b0!OpenDocument&Click=
  52. ↑ "Media Release: Melbourne'S New Tramline Unveiled". Dpc.vic.gov.au. Archived from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  53. ↑ "Media Release: Vermont South Tram Extension One Step Closer". Dpc.vic.gov.au. 29 January 2004. Archived from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  54. ↑ "Inner: Swanston RMIT to Melbourne University — Bicycle Victoria". Bv.com.au. 29 April 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  55. ↑ Lucas, Clay; Millar, Royce (3 March 2007). "Minister runs down cycle plan". The Age. Melbourne, Australia.
  56. ↑ Millar, Royce; Lucas, Clay; Rood, David; Morton, Adam (3 April 2008). "$18 billion to link east and west". The Age. Melbourne, Australia. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  57. ↑ Rail link way down the track from theage.com.au
  58. ↑ Clay Lucas, Jason Dowling and Ben Schneiders (15 September 2008). "Strategy to ease the squeeze". The Age. Melbourne, Australia. Retrieved 15 September 2008.
  59. ↑ Kate Stowell (6 June 2013). "Holding cells being built at Melbourne train stations" (Video upload). ABC. Retrieved 7 June 2013.

Further reading

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