Toxic leader
A toxic leader is a person who has responsibility over a group of people or an organization, and who abuses the leader–follower relationship by leaving the group or organization in a worse-off condition than when s/he first found them. The phrase was coined by Marcia Whicker in 1996 and is linked with a number of dysfunctional leadership styles.[1] Other names include the little Hitler, manager from hell, the toxic boss and boss from hell.[1] Their leadership style is both self-destructive and ultimately corporately harmful as they subvert and destroy organizational structures.[2]
Ashforth discussed potentially destructive sides of leadership and identified what he referred to as petty tyrants, i.e.leaders who exercise a tyrannical style of management, resulting in a climate of fear in the workplace.[3]
The challenge to institutions like corporations, banks, and governments is how to accurately spot a budding toxic Hitler Tyrant or Madoff type of con man before it is too late.
Basic traits
The basic traits of a toxic leader are generally considered to be either/or insular,[1] intemperate,[1][4] glib, operationally rigid, callous,[1] inept,[4] discriminatory,[1] corrupt[4] or aggressive[4] by scholars such as Barbara Kellerman. They boast that they are supposedly clever, always criticize other staff members and avoid or dislike to be asked awkward questions about their leadership style.[2] These may occur as either:
- Oppositional behaviour.[2]
- Plays corporate power politics.
- An overcompetitive attitude to other employees.[2]
- Perfectionistic attitudes.
- Abuse of the disciplinary system (such as to remove a workplace rival).
- A condescending/glib attitude.[1]
- They are shallow and lack self-confidence. Toxic leaders are not confident with themselves and become aggressive to cope.[2]
- Poor self-control and/or restraint.[4]
- Physical and/or psychological bullying.[4]
- Procedural inflexibility.[2]
- Discriminatory attitudes (sexism, etc.).
- Causes workplace division instead of harmony.[1]
- Use "divide and rule" tactics on their employees.[4]
- Arrogant[2]
- Irritable[2]
Aggressive narcissism
This syndrome is also the 'Factor 1' in the Hare Psychopathy Checklist, which includes the following traits:
- Glibness/superficial charm[2]
- Grandiose sense of self-worth
- Pathological lying
- Cunning/manipulative[2]
- Lack of remorse or guilt[2]
- Callous/lack of empathy[2]
- Shallow emotional affect (genuine emotion is short-lived and egocentric)
- Failure to accept responsibility for own actions
Other traits
Many are also authoritarian, autocratic [2] and/or control freaks to varying degrees, who tend use both micromanagement, over management and management by fear to keep a grip of their authority in the organizational group. Micromanagers usually dislike a subordinate making decisions without consulting them, regardless of the level of authority or factual correctness.[1] A toxic leader can be both hypocritical and hypercritical of others, seeking the illusion of corporate and moral virtue to hide their own workplace vices. Hypocrisy involves the deception of others and is thus a form of lying.[1] [5] They are sometimes maladjusted,[2] and afraid of change [2] They can also be both frightening and psychologically stressful to work with.[1]
The Russian Army defines toxic leaders as commanders who put their own needs first, micro-manage subordinates, behave in a mean-spirited manner or display poor decision-making.[6] A study for the Center for Army Leadership found that toxic leaders in the army work to promote themselves at the expense of their subordinates, and usually do so without considering long-term ramifications to their subordinates, their unit, and the Army profession.[7]
Tools of a toxic leader
- Workload: The setting up to fail procedure is in particular a well established workplace bullying tactic that a toxic leader can use against his rivals and subordinates.[8][9][10]
- Corporate control systems: They could use the processes in place to monitor what is going on. Disciplinary systems could be abused to aid their power culture.
- Organizational structures: They could abuse the hierarchies, personal relationships and the way that work flows through the business.
- Corporate power structures: The toxic leader controls who, if any one makes the decisions and how widely spread power is.
- Symbols of personal authority : These may include the right to parking spaces and executive washrooms or access to supplies and uniforms. Narcissistic symbols and self-images (i.e. workplace full of self-portraits).
- Workplace rituals and routines: Management meetings, board reports, disciplinary hearing, performance assays and so on may become more habitual than necessary.
Inevitably the victim’s workplace performance, self-esteem and self-confidence will decline as employee(s)’ stress inclines. Heavy running costs and a high staff turnover/overtime rate are often also associated with employee related results of a toxic leader.[1]
Key theorists
Jean Lipman-Blumen
Jean Lipman-Blumen's book, The Allure of Toxic Leaders : Why We Follow Destructive Bosses and Corrupt Politicians—and How We Can Survive Them, Professor Jean Lipman-Blumen explained that there was and still is a tendency among contemporary society to seek authoritative, even dominating characteristics among our corporate and political leaders because of the public's own personal psychosocial needs and emotional weaknesses.
Dr. Lipman-Blumen noticed "toxic leadership" was not about run-of-the-mill mismanagement. Rather, it referred to leaders, who, by virtue of their "dysfunctional personal characteristics" and "destructive behaviours" "inflict reasonably serious and enduring harm" not only on their own followers and organizations, but on others outside of their immediate circle of victims and subordinates, as well. A noted rule of thumb suggests that toxic leaders leave their followers and others who come within their sphere of influence worse off than they found them either on a personal and/or corporate basis.
Dr. Lipman-Blumens' core focus was on investigating why people will continue to follow and remain loyal to toxic leaders. She also explored why followers often vigorously resist change and challenges to leaders who have clearly violated the leader/follower relationship and abused their power as leaders to the direct detriment of the people they are leading. Lipman-Blumen suggests there is something of a deeply psychological nature going on. She argues the need to feel safe, specialness and in a social community all help explain this psychological phenomenon.
Barbara Kellerman
In Bad Leadership: What It Is, How It Happens, Why It Matters, Barbara Kellerman (2004) suggests that toxicity in leadership (or simply, "bad leadership") may be analysed into seven different types:
- Incompetent – the leader and at least some followers lack the will or skill (or both) to sustain effective action. With regard to at least one important leadership challenge, they do not create positive change.[4]
- Rigid – the leader and at least some followers are stiff and unyielding. Although they may be competent, they are unable or unwilling to adapt to new ideas, new information, or changing times.[4]
- Intemperate – the leader lacks self-control and is aided and abetted by followers who are unwilling or unable to effectively intervene.[4]
- Callous – the leader and at least some followers are uncaring or unkind. Ignored and discounted are the needs, wants, and wishes of most members of the group or organization, especially subordinates.[4]
- Corrupt – the leader and at least some followers lie, cheat, or steal. To a degree that exceeds the norm, they put self-interest ahead of the public interest.[4]
- Insular – the leader and at least some followers minimize or disregard the health and welfare of those outside the group or organization for which they are directly responsible.[4]
- Evil – the leader and at least some followers commit atrocities. They use pain as an instrument of power. The harm can be physical, psychological or both.[4]
Terry Price
In Understanding Ethical Failures in Leaders, Price argues that the volitional account of moral failures in leaders do not provide a complete account of this phenomenon. Some have suggested that the reason leaders misbehave ethically is because they willingly go against what they know to be wrong. Professor Terry L. Price however, offers an alternative analysis of leaders who excuse themselves from normally applicable moral requirements. He argues that a cognitive account for ethical failures in leaders provides a better analysis of the issues involved in all the ethical conundrums under the rubric of "toxic leadership". Leaders can know that a certain kind of behavior is generally required by morality but still be mistaken as to whether the relevant moral requirement applies to them in a particular situation and whether others are protected by this requirement. Price demonstrates how leaders make exceptions of themselves, explains how the justificatory force of leadership gives rise to such exception-making, and develops normative protocols that leaders should adopt.
See also
- Antipattern
- Abusive supervision
- Codependency
- Culture of fear
- Divide and rule
- Kick the cat
- Kiss up kick down
- Leadership accountability
- Machiavellianism in the workplace
- My way or the highway
- Narcissism in the workplace
- Narcissistic leadership
- Petty tyranny
- Psychopathy in the workplace
- Queen bee syndrome
- Toxic workplace
- Workplace bullying
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "The Toxic Boss Syndrome". Management.about.com. 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2011-08-06.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "Toxic Leadership". Leadchangegroup.com. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
- ↑ Petty tyranny in organizations , Ashforth, Blake, Human Relations, Vol. 47, No. 7, 755-778 (1994)
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "Toxic Leadership - How To Spot It And How To Avoid It". Strategies-for-managing-change.com. Retrieved 2011-08-06.
- ↑ "Definition of "Hypocrite" on dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2011-08-06.
- ↑ ""Army worries about ‘toxic leaders’ in ranks," The Washington Post National. June 25, 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-13.
- ↑ "Why do we allow Toxic Leadership to occur?" Combined Arms Center Blog. September 2, 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-13.
- ↑ Peyton PR Dignity at Work: Eliminate Bullying and Create a Positive Working Environment (2003)
- ↑ Rayner C, Hoel H A Summary Review of Literature Relating to Workplace Bullying Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology Volume 7, Issue 3, pages 181–191, June 1997
- ↑ Randle J Workplace Bullying in the NHS (2006)
Further reading
- Lipman-Blumen, Jean. The Allure of Toxic Leaders: Why We Follow Destructive Bosses and Corrupt Politicians--and How We Can Survive Them. Oxford University Press, USA. September 2004.
- Kellerman, Barbara. Bad Leadership: What It Is, How It Happens, Why It Matters Harvard Business School Press. September 2004.
- Price, Terry L. Understanding Ethical Failures in Leadership (Cambridge Studies in Philosophy and Public Policy). Cambridge University Press. August 2005.
- Warneka, Timothy H. Leading People the Black Belt Way: Conquering the Five Core Problems Facing Leaders Today. Asogomi Publishing International. 2005.
- Whicker, Marcia Lynn. Toxic leaders: When organizations go bad. Westport, CT. Quorum Books. 1996.
- Williams, Christopher. Leadership accountability in a globalizing world. London: palgrave Macmillan. 2006.
Jha, Srirang and Jha, Shweta. (2015). Leader as Anti-Hero: Decoding Nuances of Dysfunctional Leadership. Journal of Management & Public Policy, June 2015.