Tlatilco culture

Two Tlatilco figurines, from the Manatial phase, 1000 - 800 BCE.

Tlatilco culture is a culture that flourished in the Valley of Mexico between the years 1250 BCE and 800 BCE,[1] during the Mesoamerican Early Formative period. Tlatilco, Tlapacoya, and Coapexco are the major Tlatilco culture sites.

Tlatilco culture shows a marked increase in specialization over earlier cultures, including more complex settlement patterns, specialized occupations, and stratified social structures. In particular, the development of the chiefdom centers at Tlatilco and Tlapacoya is a defining characteristic of Tlatilco culture.

This period also saw a significant increase in long distance trade, particularly in iron ore, obsidian, and greenstone, trade which likely facilitated the Olmec influence seen within the culture, and may explain the discovery of Tlatilco-style pottery near Cuautla, Morelos, 90 miles (140 km) to the south.[2]

Defining the Tlatilco culture

Tlapacoya Clay Bowl, pigmented, 1200–900 BCE, showing Olmec motifs including a downturned mouth and slit-like eyes.
The "Acrobat", ceramic art from Tlatilco, dated 1200-900 BCE. This figurine's left knee has a hole for pouring liquid.

Archaeologically, the advent of the Tlatilco culture is denoted by a widespread dissemination of artistic conventions, pottery, and ceramics known as the Early Horizon (also known as the Olmec or San Lorenzo Horizon), Mesoamerica's earliest archaeological horizon.[3]

Specifically, the Tlatilco culture is defined by the presence of:[4]

The Olmec influence is unmistakable. One survey of Tlatilco graves found that Olmec-style objects were "ubiquitous" in the earliest upper-middle status burials but were unrelated to wealth. That is, no correlation was found between the markers of high status and Olmec-style objects, and although larger numbers of Olmec-style objects were found in rich graves, they constituted a smaller percentage of the grave goods there.[5]

Phases

Christine Niederberger Betton, in her landmark 1987 archaeological study of the Valley of Mexico, identified two phases of the Tlatilco culture:

External video
Tlatilco figurines, Smarthistory

The Olmec-style artifacts appear suddenly, abundantly, and pervasively in the archaeological record at the outset of the Ayotla (Coapexco) phase.[7]

At the end of the Ayotla, however, around 1000 BCE, there is another abrupt change in ceramics: figurines of costumed males give way to those of nude females, and Olmec-derived iconography evolves into a more native appearance, changes likely reflective of a change in religious ideas and practices.[8]

By 800 BCE, the hallmarks of the Tlatilco culture fade from the archaeological record. By 700 BCE, Cuicuilco had become the largest and most dynamic city in the Valley of Mexico, eclipsing Tlatilco and Tlapacoya.

See also

Notes

Wikimedia Commons has media related to the Tlatilco culture.
  1. These dates, from Diehl and from Bradley and Joralemon, are radiocarbon dates, which are earlier in Mesoamerica than the corresponding chronological dates -- chronologically, the Tlatilco culture lasts from 1450 BCE until 900 BCE (Pool, p. 7). Tolstoy, however, gives slightly different dates.
  2. Grove discusses ceramics "identical with certain vessels found in association with Preclassic burials at Tlatilco" (p. 62).
  3. Pool, p. 181.
  4. Diehl, p. 153-160.
  5. Tolstoy, p. 119.
  6. Dates from Bradley & Joralemon, p. 13. Tolstoy defines separate Coapexco and Ayotla phases (p. 283).
  7. Tolstoy, who says that the Olmec-style artifacts pervade "general refuse, all households and many sectors of activity", p. 98.
  8. Bradley and Joralemon, p. 28, who wonder whether the transition between the Ayotla and Manantial phases was not caused by the decline of the San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan ceremonial center. Also echoed by Pool, p. 206, who states that "Early Horizon motifs underwent substantial development".
Usually associated with the Inca, this stirrup jar is from Tlatilco, 1100 - 800 BCE.

References

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 8/24/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.