Timeline of cholera

Cholera is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It infects the small intestine. Cholera is still active throughout the world. Estimates from 2010 say that between three- and five million people get cholera every year, and 58,000–130,000 people die from the disease every year.[1]

Big picture

Time period Key developments
5th century BC Probable origin of cholera in the Indian subcontinent, where almost all of the cholera pandemics will later originate.
1816–1923 The first six pandemics happen in an almost continuous period of time. Mostly as a result of increased commerce, but also migration and pilgrimage.
1879–1883 Major scientific breakthroughs happen: the first immunization by Pasteur, the first vaccine against cholera, and the identification of the bacterium V cholerae by Koch.
1945–1948 Formation of the United Nations and World Health Organization (WHO).
1961–present The seventh pandemic, after a long hiatus. This pandemic continues today at a much smaller scale with outbreaks across the developing world.

Full timeline

Year/Period Event type Event Present-day geographic location
460–377 BCE Discovery First mention of cholera by Hippocrates [2] Greece
1563 Crisis First record of the disease in a medical report[3] India
1817–1824 Crisis First pandemic begins near Calcutta, reaching most of Asia. It is thought to have killed over 100,000 people.[4][5] India, Thailand, Philippines, Java, Oman, China, Japan, Persian Gulf, Iraq, Syria, Transcaucasia, Astrakhan (Russia), Zanzibar, and Mauritius.
1829–1851 Crisis Second pandemic known as the Asiatic Cholera Pandemic arguably starts along the Ganges river. It is the first to reach Europe and North America. Like in the first one, fatalities reach six figures [4][5] India, western and eastern Asia, Europe, Americas.[5]
1832 Breakthrough Medical pioneer Thomas Latta develops the first intravenous saline drip[6] Scotland (Leith)
1851–1938 Organization The International Sanitary Conferences, largely inspired by the cholera pandemics, are held with the objective to standardize international quarantine regulations against the spread of cholera and other diseases[7] Paris, Constantinople, Vienna, Washington, Rome, Venice, Dresden
1852–1860 Crisis Third pandemic starts along the Ganges delta. Millions of infected in Russia. Death toll reaches one million.[4][5] Asia, Europe, Africa and North America
1854 Scientific advance Italian anatomist Filippo Pacini isolates the cholera bacterium for the first time.[8] Italy
1854 Crisis 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak kills at least 500[9] England (London)
1863–1875 Discovery First demonstration by John Snow, during an epidemic in London, that the transmission of cholera is significantly reduced when uncontaminated water is provided to the population [3] England
1863–1875 Crisis The fourth pandemic starts again in the Ganges delta.[5] Asia, Middle East, Russia, Europe, Africa and North America
1879 Breakthrough Louis Pasteur succeeds in immunizing chicken from cholera[10] France
1881–1896 Crisis Fifth pandemic, starting in India. The first to reach South America [5] Asia, Africa, Russia, Europe, South America
1883 Discovery Identification of bacterium V. cholerae by Robert Koch during an outbreak[11] Egypt
1885 Breakthrough Spanish physician Jaume Ferran i Clua develops a cholera inoculation, the first to immunize humans against a bacterial disease.[12]
1892 Breakthrough Russian bacteriologist Waldemar Haffkine develops the first cholera vaccine. [13]
1899–1923 Crisis The sixth pandemic kills more than 800,000 people in India where it begins[5] India, Middle East, North Africa, Eastern Europe and Russia.
1948 Organization Formation of the World Health Organization (WHO) [7] Geneva
1961–present Crisis The seventh pandemic, starting in Indonesia, continues today at a much smaller scale [5] Asia, Africa, Americas, Europe, Oceania
2007 Breakthrough Researchers from the University of Tokyo develop a type of rice that carries the cholera vaccine.[14] Japan
2008 Crisis Zimbabwean cholera outbreak. 98,741 cases and 4,293 deaths reported[15][16] Zimbabwe, Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa and Zambia.
2010–present Crisis Outbreak in Haiti kills over 9,500 people across four countries[17] Haiti, Dominican Republic, Cuba, Mexico, Venezuela and Florida (U.S.)
2014–2015 Crisis Outbreak in Africa. 1,475 reported deaths,[18] 84,675 reported cases[18] Ghana, Nigeria, Niger, Togo, Benin, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Chad, Liberia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lozano R, Naghavi M, et al. 2012. "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2095–128. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0. PMID 23245604.
  2. ↑ Kousoulis, Antony E. (March 1, 2012). "Etymology of cholera". Emerging Infectious Diseases. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
  3. 1 2 "Origins of Cholera". Cholera and the Themes. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
  4. 1 2 3 Emge, Jon (September 17, 2014). "Third cholera pandemic". World's Deadliest Outbreaks. Buddy Loans. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Cholera's seven pandemics". CBC News. May 9, 2008. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
  6. ↑ "Dr Thomas Latta: the father of intravenous infusion therapy". Journal of Infection Prevention. September 1, 2009. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
  7. 1 2 Markel, Howard (January 7, 2014). "Worldly approaches to global health: 1851 to the present" (PDF). Retrieved April 5, 2016.
  8. ↑ See:
  9. ↑ "Broad Street Pump Outbreak". UCLA Department of Epidemiology. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
  10. ↑ "First Laboratory Vaccine". History of Vaccines. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
  11. ↑ Handa, Sanjeev (February 16, 2016). "Cholera: Background". MedScape. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
  12. ↑ onlinelibrary.wiley.com
  13. ↑ haffkineinstitute.org
  14. ↑ "Breakthrough in cholera cure".
  15. ↑ "Epidemiological Bulletin Number 41" (PDF). World Health Organization. January 10, 2010. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
  16. ↑ "Zimbabwe cholera 'to top 100,000'". BBC. 26 May 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2009.
  17. ↑ "Haiti cholera outbreak". Retrieved April 23, 2016.
  18. 1 2 "Cholera in Ghana" (PDF). UNICEF. 15 November 2014.
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