British Council

British Council

Founded	1934 (1934)
Founder	United Kingdom Government
Type	Cultural Institution
Headquarters	London, United Kingdom
Area served	Worldwide
Product	British cultural and language education
Key people	Christopher Rodrigues CBE (Chair) Sir Ciarán Devane (Chief Executive)
Revenue	£973 million (2014/5)[1]
Website	www.britishcouncil.org

The British Council is a British organisation specialising in international cultural and educational opportunities. It works in over 100 countries: promoting a wider knowledge of the UK and the English language; encouraging cultural, scientific, technological and educational co-operation with the UK; and changing people’s lives through access to UK education, skills, qualifications, culture and society.

The British Council is a charity registered in England and Wales and Scotland and is governed by Royal Charter. It is also a public corporation and an executive nondepartmental public body (NDPB), sponsored by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Its headquarters are off Trafalgar Square, London. Its Chair is Christopher Rodrigues, its CEO is Sir Ciarán Devane and chief operating officer Adrian Greer.

History

• 1934: British Foreign Office officials created the "British Committee for Relations with Other Countries" to support English education abroad, promote British culture and fight the rise of fascism.^[2] The name quickly became British Council for Relations with Other Countries.
• 1936: The organisation’s name was officially shortened to the British Council.^[3]
• 1938: One of the British Council's first offices opened in Cairo, Egypt.^[4]
• 1940: King George VI granted the British Council a Royal Charter for promoting: ‘a wider knowledge of [the United Kingdom] and the English language abroad and developing closer cultural relations between [the UK] and other countries".^[2]
• 1942: The British Council undertook a promotion of British culture overseas. The music section of the project was a recording of significant recent compositions by British composers: E.J. Moeran's Symphony in G minor was the first work to be recorded under this initiative,^[5] followed by recordings of Walton's Belshazzar's Feast, Bliss's Piano Concerto,^[6] Bax's Third Symphony, and Elgar's The Dream of Gerontius.^[7]

• 1944: In August, after the liberation of Paris, Austin Gill was sent by the council to reestablish the Paris office, which soon had tours by the Old Vic company, Julian Huxley and T. S. Eliot.^[8]
• 2007: The Russian Foreign Ministry ordered the British Council to close its offices outside Moscow. The Ministry alleged that it had violated Russian tax regulations,^[9] a move that British officials claimed was a retaliation over the British expulsion of Russian diplomats allegedly involved with the poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko.^[10] This caused the British Council to cease carrying out all English-language examinations in Russia from January 2008.^[11] In early 2009, a Russian arbitration court ruled that the majority of the tax claims, valued at $6.6 million, were unjustified.^[12]
• 2011: On 19 August, a group of armed men attacked the British Council office in the Afghanistan capital, Kabul, killing at least 12 people – none of them British – and temporarily took over the compound. All the attackers were killed in counter-attacks by forces guarding the compound.^[13] The British Council office was relocated to the British Embassy compound, as the British Council compound was destroyed in the suicide attack.^[14]
• 2013: The British Council in Tripoli, Libya was targeted by a car bomb on the morning of 23 April. Diplomatic sources were reported as saying that "the bombers were foiled as they were preparing to park a rigged vehicle in front of the compound gate".^[15] The attempted attack was simultaneous with the attack on the French Embassy in Tripoli on the same day that injured two French security guards, one severely, and wounded several residents in neighbouring houses.^[16] A jihadist group calling itself the Mujahedeen Brigade was suspected^[17] possibly linked to Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb.^[16]

Locations by region and country

The British Council is organised into 7 Regions.

Americas

The British Council has offices in: Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Jamaica, Mexico, Peru, Trinidad, Venezuela, Uruguay and the United States of America.

East Asia

The British Council has offices in: Australia, Brunei, Burma, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam and New Zealand.

European Union

The British Council has offices in: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Switzerland.

Middle East and North Africa

The British Council has offices in: Egypt, Algeria, Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Occupied Palestinian Territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen.

South Asia

The British Council has offices in: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka,Myanmar.

Sub-Saharan Africa

The British Council has offices in: Botswana, Cameroon, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, South Sudan, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Rwanda and Uganda

Wider Europe

The British Council has offices in: Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Russia, Serbia, Turkey, Ukraine and Uzbekistan.

Organisation

The British Council is a charity governed by Royal Charter. It is also a public corporation and an executive nondepartmental public body (NDPB), sponsored by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Its headquarters are off Trafalgar Square, London. Its Chair is Christopher Rodrigues,^[18] its CEO is Sir Ciarán Devane and chief operating officer Adrian Greer.^[1]

The British Council’s total income in 2014–15 was £973 million principally made up of £154.9 million grant-in-aid received from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office; £637 million income from fees and teaching and examinations services; and £164 million from contracts.^[1]

The British Council works in over 100 countries: promoting a wider knowledge of the UK and the English language; encouraging cultural, scientific, technological and educational understanding and co-operation; changing people’s lives through access to UK education, skills, qualifications, culture and society; and attracting people who matter to the future of the UK and engaging them with the UK’s culture, educational opportunities and its diverse, modern, open society.^[1]

In 2014–15 the British Council spent: £489 million Developing a wider knowledge of the English language; £238 million Encouraging educational co-operation and promoting the advancement of education; £155 million Building capacity for social change; £80 million Encouraging cultural, scientific and technological co-operation; and £10 million on governance, tax and trading expenses.^[1]

Notable activity

English and examinations

The British Council offers face-to-face teaching in over 80 teaching centres in more than 50 countries ^[1]

Three million candidates took UK examinations with the British Council in over 850 towns and cities in 2014–15.^[1]

The British Council jointly runs the global IELTS English-language standardised test with University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations and IDP Education Australia. Over 2.5 million IELTS tests were delivered in 2014–15.^[1]

Massive Open Online Course (MOOC)

In 2014 the British Council launched its first MOOC Exploring English: Language and Culture on the UK social learning platform FutureLearn. This was accessed by over 230,000 people.^[1]

English for peace

"Peacekeeping English" is a collaboration between the British Council, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and the Ministry of Defence to improve the English-language skills of military personnel through the Peacekeeping English Project (PEP). PEP is helping train approximately 50,000 military and police service personnel in 28 countries, amongst them Libya,^[19] Ethiopia and Georgia.^[20]

Mobility programmes

Education UK

In 2013, the British Council relaunched the global website Education UK for international students interested in a UK education. The site receives 2.2 million visitors per year and includes a search tool for UK courses and scholarships, advice and articles about living and studying in the UK.^[21]

Erasmus+

From 2014 – 2020 the British Council and Ecorys UK will jointly administer almost €1 billion of the €14.7 billion Erasmus+ programme offering education, training, youth and sport opportunity for young people in the UK.^[22] It is expected that nearly 250,000 will undertake activities abroad with the programme.^[23]

Schools

Connecting Classrooms

Over 16,000 schools have taken part in an international school partnership or benefited from teacher training through the British Council Connecting Classrooms programmes.^[1]

Arts and culture

fiveFilms4freedom

In 2015 the British Council launched fiveFilms4freedom a free, online, 10-day LGBT film festival with the British Film Institute supported by the UN Free & Equal campaign. It was the first global, online LGBT film festival.^[24] The festival runs a 24-hour campaign to ask people to watch a movie and show that love is a human right. In 2016 films were viewed by over 1.5m people in 179 countries.^[25]

Shakespeare Lives

In October 2015 the British Council announced a global programme with the BBC, British Film Institute, the National Theatre, the Royal Shakespeare Company, the Shakespeare 400 consortium, the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust and Shakespeare's Globe to celebrate Shakespeare's life and work on the 400th anniversary of this death.^[26]

The Selector

The Selector^[27] is a weekly two-hour radio show, which is sponsored by the British Council. The Selector is an international showcase for new music from the United Kingdom, covering a variety of genres including indie, dubstep, folk, soul and hip hop, and features interviews, guest DJ mixes and exclusive live sessions. It avoids many mainstream acts, in favour of emerging talent and underground styles. With an audience estimated to be in excess of 3 million listeners, The Selector is syndicated to 33 countries around the world including Mexico, China, Colombia, Israel, Poland, Malawi, Hungary, Indonesia and Bulgaria.

The English version of The Selector is presented by Goldierocks and is broadcast in numerous non-anglophone countries around the world. The show is also syndicated in a kit form, allowing non-English speaking presenters to create unique versions of The Selector in their native language. In Indonesia, for example, The Selector occupies a section on the popular Now Generation show, presented by Dewi Hanafi on Trax101.4FM in Jakarta. The show is also sometimes recorded overseas – in 2010 it was recorded together with partner stations in Mexico, Mauritius and Kazakhstan.

Democratic People's Republic of North Korea

The British Council has been running a teacher training programme in North Korea since 2001.^[28] In July 2014 the British Council signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Democratic People’s Republic of North Korea (DPRK) for cultural and educational exchange.

Other activities

Love's Labours Lost – British Council-supported Shakespeare play in Afghanistan

The British Council-supported production of Love's Labours Lost in 2005 was the first performance of a Shakespeare play in Afghanistan in over 17 years. The play was performed in the Afghan language of Dari.

Young Creative Entrepreneur Awards

The British Council Young Creative Entrepreneurs identify and support talented people from across the creative industries such as the International Young Publisher of the Year, International Young Design Entrepreneur of the Year and International Young Music Entrepreneur of the Year awards.^[29][30]

Libraries

The British Council in South Asia is investing in rebuilding and revolutionising the library offer to provide a 21st Century experience for customers. Through a blend of core, partner and virtual libraries the aim is to redefine the Library experience. They will reinvent the physical walk-in spaces and create a digital library resource that will bring the very best of UK and South Asia content to consumers across the region. With seamless integration between the physical and virtual, the libraries will create a 21st-century cultural relations space.

Libraries will move from 'book places' to 'convening places' with a comprehensive programme of experiential events that engage a broad audience: programming aspires to generate ideas, discussion and bring people and communities together in a safe cultural setting.

As well as books, DVDs and access to an exciting events programme, ‘digital’ library members across the region will have access to thousands of e-books, e-journals, and popular on-line magazines from The Economist to Vogue. They will bring exciting content from the UK and curate that content to meet the needs of users. They will provide access to UK research and academic texts rarely available in the region and work with UK partners to bring the very best of cutting edge culture right to the mobiles, tablets and computer screens of members.

Controversy

Expenses

Conservative MP Mark Lancaster, now Lord Commissioner of HM Treasury, the then Speaker of the House of Commons Michael Martin, and other MPs were involved in rows over expenses incurred on undisclosed taxpayer-funded British Council trips.^[31]

In June 2010 the British Council's then Chief Executive Martin Davidson faced press criticism for expenses claimed in apparent breach of British Council's own internal rules for overnight stays in London.^[32]

Israel and Palestine

The British Council has been a primary partner of the Palestine Festival of Literature since the Festival's beginning in 2008. In 2009, the Israeli police, acting on a court order, closed down the venue scheduled to host the Festival's closing event since there was Palestinian Authority involvement, but the British Council stepped in and the evening was relocated to its grounds.^[33]

The British Council supports the festival, also known as PalFest. A controversial issue arose in 2012, because PalFest's website states that they endorse the "2004 Palestinian call for the academic and cultural boycott of Israel". Susanna Nicklin, the council's director of literature said in response: "The British Council is a non-political organisation, and we believe that international cultural exchange makes a powerful contribution to a more peaceful, tolerant and prosperous world. Therefore the British Council does not support cultural or academic boycotts."^[34]

Dissident Chinese writers

In April 2012 British Council faced a storm of protest over the exclusion of dissident Chinese writers from The London Book Fair in 2012. Critics included English PEN and journalist Nick Cohen writing in The Observer – as well as Alastair Niven, a former Literature Director of The British Council itself.^[35][36][37]

Cuts

In March 2007, the British Council announced its "intention to increase its investment in the Middle East, North Africa and Central and Southern Asia. This will largely be funded by cuts in other services, libraries and office closures across Europe." In June 2007, MPs were told of further closures in Tel Aviv and East Jerusalem (where there had been a British Council Library since 1946). The British Council libraries in Athens^[38] and in Belgrade^[39] are also to close. Similarly in India, the British Council Libraries at Bhopal and Trivandrum were closed despite protests from library users as part of the Council's policy to "reduce its physical presence" in the country and to divert funds to mega projects in the fields of culture, education, science and research.^[40]

British Council libraries and offices have also been closed in a number of other countries judged by the British Council to be of little strategic or commercial importance as it refocused its activities on China and the Persian Gulf area. Council offices were closed in Lesotho, Swaziland, Ecuador and provincial Länder in Germany in 2000–2001 – as well as Belarus – prompting Parliamentary criticism. Subsequent promises by British Council Chair Neil Kinnock to a conference in Edinburgh^[41] that the Belarus closure would hopefully prove to be just a "temporary" withdrawal proved illusory. The British Council office in Peru also closed in September 2006 as part of a rethink of its strategy in Latin America. In Italy British Council closed its offices in Turin and Bologna, and reduced the size of offices in Milan and Rome (with the closure of the library in the latter).^[42]

Charles Arnold-Baker, author of the Companion to British History said of the British Council's shift in priorities: "This whole policy is misconstrued from top to bottom. We are going somewhere where we can't succeed and neglecting our friends in Europe who wish us well. The only people who are going to read our books in Beirut or Baghdad are converts already."^[43]

The article also points out that the Alliance française and the Goethe-Institut, unlike the British Council, are both expanding and replenishing libraries Europe-wide. France opened its new library in Tel Aviv in 2007 – just a few months after the British Council closed there and shut down the British Council library in West Jerusalem.^[44] In Gaza, the Institut français supports the Gaza municipal library in partnership with the local authority and a municipal twinning link between Gaza City and the French port of Dunkerque.^[45][46] In Oslo British Council informs Norwegian callers that "our office is not open to the public and we do not have an enquiry service".^[47] Goethe Institute also has a more visible presence in Glasgow than the British Council.^[48] There is now, in contrast, only one British Council office left in Germany – and that is in Berlin.^[49]

Accountability

Formally it is to its sponsoring department, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, that the UK Parliamentary Table Office refers any parliamentary questions about the British Council.^[50]

The effectiveness of British Council efforts to promote higher education in China was examined in the UK by the House of Commons Select Committee on Education and Skills in a report issued in August 2007.^[51] It expressed concern that in terms of joint educational programmes involving Chinese universities, the UK lagged behind Australia, USA, Hong Kong, Canada and France. In its evidence to this committee, the British Council had argued that "UK degrees are highly valued by international students for their global recognition. International students adopt an essentially utilitarian view of higher education which is likely to increasingly involve consideration of value for money, including opting for programmes at least partly delivered offshore". As their preferred marketing 'model', the British Council gave the example of India where their UK India Education and Research Initiative^[52] is being 'championed' by British multinational oil companies such as BP and Shell, the pharmaceutical giant GSK and arms company BAE Systems.^[53]

Criticism of British Council marketing efforts in this area have also come from Scotland where The Sunday Herald obtained documents under the Freedom of Information Act showing that the British Council's Marketing Co-ordinator in the USA had been referring to the University of Stirling as 'The University of Sterling' (sic) and also documenting 'tensions' between Scottish Executive civil servants and British Council in India and China over overseas promotion of universities in Scotland where education is a devolved responsibility. The Sunday Herald reported that these turf wars were undermining the Scottish Executive's key Fresh Talent policy.^[54]

Some of the activities of the British Council were examined in 2007/08 by the National Audit Office (NAO). The NAO's report, The British Council: Achieving Impact, concluded "that the British Council’s performance is strong and valued by its customers and stakeholders".^[55] It also concluded, however, that its English classes are elitist and have unfair advantages over commercial providers, as well as questioning thousands of unanswered phone-calls and e-mails to British Council offices.^[56]

As part of its examination of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office Annual Report, the Foreign Affairs Committee spends an hour each year examining witnesses from the British Council but even this level of scrutiny is undermined by a Commons ruling exempting MPs from the requirement to declare overseas trips paid for by The British Council.^[31]

Two members of the Public Accounts Committee (Nigel Griffiths MP and Ian Davidson MP) were office-bearers in the British Council Associate Parliamentary Group.^[57] Nigel Griffiths MP was Vice-Chair of this British Council lobby group until stepping down as an MP following a sex scandal on House of Commons premises being exposed by a Sunday newspaper.^[58]

In 2008 the British Council was called before the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) following earlier publication of a National Audit Office report. The subsequent PAC report confirmed that Nigel Griffiths MP – Vice Chair of The British Council Associate Parliamentary Group – was part of the small number of PAC members who approved this report on the British Council despite not having been recorded as being present during the evidence session – in June 2008 – where the British Council's Chief Executive was cross-examined.^[59] Mr Griffiths had earlier travelled to Russia and spoke favourably of British Council activities there in January 1998 around the time that their man in St Petersburg (Stephen Kinnock) was expelled.^{[56][60][61][62]}

In April 2009 the British Council was told to clean up its act by the Information Commissioner after losing staff data that included details of their trade union affiliations and lying about the encryption status of the computer disc lost.^[63]

Following the accusations made against the British Council in Russia (see above) Trevor Royle, the experienced Diplomatic Editor of The Sunday Herald quoted a 'British diplomatic source' admitting: "There is a widespread assumption that The British Council is a wing of our Secret Intelligence Services, however minor. Officially it is no such thing but there are connections. Why should it be otherwise because all information is invaluable? After all, the British Council also deals with trade missions and inevitably that involves low-grade intelligence-gathering."^[64]

In 2005, along with the Alliance française, the Società Dante Alighieri, the Goethe-Institut, the Instituto Cervantes, and the Instituto Camões, the British Council shared in the Prince of Asturias Award for the outstanding achievements of Western Europe's national cultural agencies in communications and the humanities. At the time of this joint award the full extent of The British Council's closure policies in Europe was not yet public knowledge.

In literature

Royle also goes on to note that the novel The Russia House by John Le Carré (former consular official David Cornwell) opens with a reference to The British Council. The organisation's "first ever audio fair for the teaching of the English language and the spread of British culture" is "grinding to its excruciating end" and one of its officials is packing away his stuff when he is approached by an attractive Russian woman to undertake clandestine delivery of a manuscript which she claims is a novel to an English publisher who she says is 'her friend'!^[64]

It is also featured in one of the scenes in Graham Greene's The Third Man – the character Crabbin, played by Wilfrid Hyde-White in the film, worked for The British Council. In 1946, the writer George Orwell advised serious authors not to work for it as a day-job arguing that "the effort [of writing] is too much to make if one has already squandered one's energies on semi-creative work such as teaching, broadcasting or composing propaganda for bodies such as the British Council".^[65] In her autobiography, Dame Stella Rimington, the first woman head of MI5, mentions working for British Council in India prior to joining the British Intelligence Services.

The British Council has been referred to (and its man on-station, Goole) – frequently in a humorous way by Lawrence Durrell in his collection of anecdotes about a diplomat's life on foreign postings for the Foreign and Commonwealth Office – Antrobus Complete.^[66]

In the six Olivia Manning novels that make up The Balkan Trilogy and The Levant Trilogy, Guy Pringle is an employee of the British Council, and Council politics make up several of the plot points. The books are a fascinating look at Eastern Europe and the Middle East in the opening years of World War Two.

Burma

The role of British Council in Burma in 1947 came under scrutiny with release of classified documents to a BBC investigation by journalist Feargal Keane into the role of dissident British colonial officials in the assassination of the then Burmese independence leader Aung San (father of Aung San Su Kyi).^[67] The BBC programme quoted from a 1948 document sent by the Chief of Police in Rangoon to the British Ambassador stating their belief that there had been British involvement in the assassination of Aung San and his Cabinet for which one of his political opponents was hanged and that "the go-between" had been a British Council official named in the programme.

Libya

In August 2011 a journalist from The Irish Times discovered a certificate dated 2007 issued by the British Council in Tripoli to a daughter of President Gadaffi who had previously been said to have been killed in a US raid on Gadaffi's residence in 1986.^[68][69]

English and examinations

In July 2011 the Hong Kong edition of China Daily reported on the flourishing "ghost-writing" industry that critics suggest has sprung up around the British Council IELTS tests in China.^[70]

A major IELTS corruption scandal in Western Australia resulted in prosecutions in November 2011.^[71]

Connecting Classrooms

In January 2012 the press in Pakistan reported that the Federal Investigations Agency was investigating a British Council visa scam associated with their "Connecting Classrooms" programme.^[72]

Chairs

The Council has been chaired by:

• 1934–37 Lord Tyrrell^[73]
• 1937–41 Lord Lloyd
• 1941–45 Sir Malcolm Robertson
• 1946–55 Sir Ronald Adam
• 1955–59 Sir David Kelly
• 1959–67 Lord Bridges
• 1968–71 Lord Fulton
• 1971–72 Sir Leslie Rowan
• 1972–76 Lord Ballantrae
• 1977–84 Sir Charles Troughton
• 1985–92 Sir David Orr
• 1992–98 Sir Martin Jacomb
• 1998–2004 Baroness Kennedy of The Shaws^[74]
• 2004–09 Lord Kinnock^[75]
• 2010–16 Sir Vernon Ellis^[76]
• 2016–present Christopher Rodrigues^[77]

Trade unions

Some staff at the British Council are members of unions.^[78] Some employees in Japan belong to the General Union.^[79]

Publications

Media in Education and Development  

Abbreviated title (ISO 4)	Media Educ. Dev. (or MED)
Language	English
Publication details
Publication history	1967–1989
Frequency	Quarterly
Indexing
ISSN	0262-0251
OCLC no.	8210712
Links
Journal homepage

From 1967 to 1989 the British Council published the journal Media in Education and Development.

History
Initially titled CETO news, ISSN 0574-9409, it became Educational Television International: a journal of the Centre for Educational Television Overseas, ISSN 0424-6128, in March 1967 (volume 1, issue 1).^[80] The journal changed its name again, in March 1971, to Educational Broadcasting International: a journal of the Centre for Educational Development Overseas, ISSN 0013-1970 (volume 5, issue 1).^[81] Its final name change was to Media in Education and Development, ISSN 0262-0251, in December 1981 (volume 14 issue 4).^[82] The final issue went to print in 1989 (volume 22).^[83]

See also

• Eunic
• Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL)
• Cultural Diplomacy
• Public diplomacy

References

External links

• British Council official website
• Royal Charter of the British Council (1993).