Teamwork

Van pushing
Hauling in a mooring line.
Rowing team.
Problems solving: Strategy formulation
Problems solving: Team coordination

In healthcare, teamwork is "a dynamic process involving two or more healthcare professionals with complementary background and skills, sharing common health goals and exercising concerted physical and mental effort in assessing, planning, or evaluating patient care".[1] Having followed a volatile trend in the past century, the societal diffusion and application of teamwork has shown a sharp increase since the late 1970s.[2]

In a business setting, accounting techniques may be used to provide financial measures of the benefits of teamwork which are useful for justifying the concept.[3] Health-care policy-makers increasingly advocate teamwork as a means of assuring quality and safety in the delivery of services; a committee of the Institute of Medicine recommended in 2000 that patient-safety programs "establish interdisciplinary team training programs for providers that incorporate proven methods of team training, such as simulation."[4]

In health care, a systematic concept analysis in 2008 concluded teamwork to be "a dynamic process involving two or more healthcare professionals with complementary backgrounds and skills, sharing common health goals and exercising concerted physical and mental effort in assessing, planning, or evaluating patient care."[5] Elsewhere teamwork is defined as "those behaviours that facilitate effective team member interaction", with "team" defined as "a group of two or more individuals who perform some work related task, interact with one another dynamically, have a shared past, have a foreseeable shared future, and share a common fate".[6] Another definition for teamwork proposed in 2008 is "the interdependent components of performance required to effectively coordinate the performance of multiple individuals"; as such, teamwork is "nested within" the broader concept of team performance, which also includes individual-level taskwork.[7] A 2012 review of the academic literature found that the word "teamwork" has been used "as a catchall to refer to a number of behavioral processes and emergent states".[8]

Processes

Researchers have identified 10 teamwork processes that fall into three categories:[9][10]

Researchers have confirmed that performing teamwork generally works better when members of the team have experience working together due to enhanced coordination and communication.[11] This appears partly due to a chemical called serotonin, which helps an individual to communicate better and think more positively. Serotonin is produced when an individual is in a situation where he/she is in comfortable environment. Teams run more efficiently when the individual members communicate with the other members.

Training to improve teamwork

As in a 2008 review, "team training promotes teamwork and enhances team performance."[7] In specific, a 2014 meta-analysis of 45 published and unpublished studies concluded that team training is "useful for improving cognitive outcomes, affective outcomes, teamwork processes, and performance outcomes." Eduardo Salas, Deborah DiazGranados, Cameron Klein, C. Shawn Burke, Kevin C. Stagl, Gerald F. Goodwin, and Stanley M. Halpin.[12]

Benefits

Things to avoid

Teamwork

Phrase

"Coming together is beginning, Keeping together is progress, Working together leads to success" (Working together is nothing but teamwork)

References

  1. "Teamwork". Merriam-Webster Dictionary online. Retrieved April 26, 2012.
  2. Weiss, M. & Hoegl, M. (2015). The History of Teamwork’s Societal Diffusion: A Multi-Method Review. Small Group Research, Vol. 46(6) 589– 622. Doi: 10.1177/1046496415602778
  3. 1 2 3 Ezzamel, Mahmoud & Hugh Willmott (1998). "Accounting for Teamwork: a Critical Study of Group-Based Systems of Organizational Control". Administrative Science Quarterly. 43 (2): 358–396. doi:10.2307/2393856.
  4. Kohn, Linda T.; Janet M. Corrigan; Molla S. Donaldson, eds. (2000). To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. p. 14. ISBN 0309068371.
  5. Xyrichis, Andreas & Emma Ream (2008). "Teamwork: a Concept Analysis". Journal of Advanced Nursing. 61 (2): 232–241. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04496.x. PMID 18186914.
  6. Beaubien, J. M. & D. P. Baker (2004). "The Use of Simulation for Training Teamwork Skills in Health Care: How Low Can You Go?". Quality & Safety in Health Care. 13 (Supplement 1): i51–i56. doi:10.1136/qshc.2004.009845. PMC 1765794Freely accessible. PMID 15465956.
  7. 1 2 Salas, Eduardo, Nancy J. Cooke, and Michael A. Rosen (2008). "On Teams, Teamwork, as well as Team Performance: Discoveries and Developments". Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. 50 (3): 540–547. doi:10.1518/001872008X288457.
  8. Valentine, Melissa A., Ingrid M. Nembhard, and Amy C. Edmondson (April 12, 2012). "Measuring Teamwork in Health Care Settings: A Review of Survey Instruments" (PDF). Working Paper 11-116. Harvard Business School. Retrieved April 26, 2012.
  9. Marks, Michelle A., John E. Mathieu, and Stephen J. Zacaro punda (2001). "A Temporally Based Framework and Taxonomy of Team Processes". Academy of Management Review. 26 (3): 356–376. doi:10.2307/259182.
  10. 1 2 3 LePine, Jeffery A., Ronald F. Piccolo, Christine L. Jackson, John E. Mathieu, and Jessica R. Saul (2008). "A Meta-Analysis of Teamwork Processes: Tests of a Multidimensional Model and Relationships with Team Effectiveness Criteria". Personnel Psychology. 61 (2): 273–307. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00114.x. ISSN 0031-5826.
  11. Cattani, G., Ferriani, S., Mariani, M. e S. Mengoli (2013) "Tackling the 'Galácticos' Effect: Team Familiarity and the Performance of Star-Studded Projects", Industrial and Corporate Change, 22(6): 1629-1662.
  12. "Does Team Training Improve Team Performance? A Meta-Analysis". Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. 50 (6). 2008. pp. 903–933. doi:10.1518/001872008X375009.
  13. 1 2 Chin, Roger (2015). "Examining teamwork and leadership in the fields of public administration, leadership, and management". Team Performance Management.
  14. 1 2 Hoegl, Martin & Hans Georg Gemuenden (2001). "Teamwork Quality and the Success of Innovative Projects: a Theoretical Concept and Empirical Evidence". Organization Science. 12 (4): 435–449. doi:10.1287/orsc.12.4.435.10635. JSTOR 3085981.
  15. Manser, T. (2009). "Teamwork and Patient Safety in Dynamic Domains of Healthcare: a Review of the Literature". Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 53 (2): 143–151. doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.2008.01717.x.
  16. 1 2 McShane, Steven Lattimore, and Mary Ann Young Von Glinow (2010). Organizational Behavior: Emerging Knowledge and Practice for the Real World (5th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin. ISBN 9780073381237.
  17. Karau, Steven J. & Kipling D. Williams (1997). "The Effects of Group Cohesiveness on Social Loafing and Social Compensation". Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice. 1 (2): 156–168. doi:10.1037/1089-2699.1.2.156.
  18. Karau, Steven J. & Jason W. Hart (1998). "Group Cohesiveness and Social Loafing: Effects of a Social Interaction Manipulation on Individual Motivation within Groups". Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice. 2 (3): 185–191. doi:10.1037/1089-2699.2.3.185.

Further reading

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