Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
| Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Type | |
| Creator | Chu Chao-hsiang, Taiwan NLC |
Time period | 1946 to the present, used as ruby characters in Taiwan |
Parent systems |
Oracle Bone Script
|
Sister systems | Simplified Chinese, Kanji, Hanja, Chữ Nôm, Khitan script |
| Direction | Left-to-right |
| ISO 15924 |
Bopo, 285 |
Unicode alias | Bopomofo |
|
U+3100–U+312F, U+31A0–U+31BF | |
| Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 臺語方音符號 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simplified Chinese | 台语方音符号 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese romanization |
|---|
| Mandarin |
| Wu |
|
|
| Yue |
| Southern Min |
| Eastern Min |
| Northern Min |
| Pu-Xian Min |
| Hainanese |
| Hakka |
| Gan |
| See also |
Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols (Chinese: 臺語方音符號; TPS: ㄉㄞˊ ㆣㄧˋ ㄏㆲ ㄧㆬ ㄏㄨˊ ㄏㄜ˫) is a system of phonetic notation for the transcription of Taiwanese languages, especially Taiwanese Hokkien. The system is designed by Professor Chu Chao-hsiang, a member of National Languages Committee in Taiwan, in 1946.[1] The system is derived from Mandarin Phonetic Symbols by creating additional symbols for the sounds that do not appear in Mandarin phonology.
Symbols
There are 49 symbols used in standard Taiwanese Hokkien. Of these 49 symbols, 26 are from the original Mandarin Phonetic Symbols, while 23 are additional, created for Taiwanese languages.
| Initial symbols (21) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ㄅ | ㆠ | ㄆ | ㄇ | ㄉ | ㄊ | ㄋ | ㄌ | ㄍ | ㆣ | ㄎ | ㄫ | ㄏ | ㄐ | ㆢ | ㄑ | ㄒ | ㄗ | ㆡ | ㄘ | ㄙ | |||
| [p] | [b] | [pʰ] | [m] | [t] | [tʰ] | [n] | [l] | [k] | [g] | [kʰ] | [ŋ] | [h] | [t͡ɕ] | [d͡ʑ] | [t͡ɕʰ] | [ɕ] | [t͡s] | [d͡z] | [t͡sʰ] | [s] | |||
| Final symbols (24) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| ㄚ | ㆩ | ㆦ | ㆧ | ㄜ | ㆤ | ㆥ | ㄞ | ㆮ | ㄠ | ㆯ | ㆰ | ㆱ | ㆬ | ㄢ | ㄣ | ㄤ | ㆲ | ㄥ | ㆭ | ㄧ | ㆪ | ㄨ | ㆫ |
| [a] | [ã] | [ɔ] | [ɔ̃] | [ə] | [e] | [ẽ] | [ai] | [ãĩ] | [au] | [ãũ] | [am] | [ɔm] | [m̩] | [an] | [ən] | [aŋ] | [ɔŋ] | [əŋ] | [ŋ̍] | [i] | [ĩ] | [u] | [ũ] |
- The symbols in blue do not exist in Mandarin phonology.
- Four voiceless consonants may be written in lower case for an unreleased coda: ㄅ [p̚ ], ㄉ [t̚ ], ㄍ [k̚ ], ㄏ [ʔ].
- Some extra symbols are used in other Taiwanese dialects: ㄬ[ɲ], ㄛ [o], ㄝ [ɛ], ㆨ [ɨ].
Etymology
| Initials | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group | Symbol | IPA | POJ | TL | BP | Notes | Example |
| Bilabial | ㄅ | p | p | b | Same value as in Mandarin | 邊 (ㄅㄧㄢ pian) | |
| ㆠ | b | b | bb | Derived from ㄅ as a voiced counterpart | 文 (ㆠㄨㄣˊ bûn) | ||
| ㄆ | pʰ | ph | p | Same value as in Mandarin | 波 (ㄆㄜ pho) | ||
| ㄇ | m | m | bbn | Same value as in Mandarin | 毛 (ㄇㆦ mo͘ ) | ||
| Alveolar | ㄉ | t | t | d | Same value as in Mandarin | 地 (ㄉㆤ˫ tē) | |
| ㄊ | tʰ | th | t | Same value as in Mandarin | 他 (ㄊㆩ thaⁿ) | ||
| ㄋ | n | n | ln | Same value as in Mandarin | 耐 (ㄋㄞ˫ nāi) | ||
| ㄌ | l | l | l | Same value as in Mandarin | 柳 (ㄌㄧㄨˋ liú) | ||
| Velar | ㄍ | k | k | g | Same value as in Mandarin | 求 (ㄍㄧㄨˊ kiû) | |
| ㆣ | g | g | gg | Derived from ㄍ as a voiced counterpart | 語 (ㆣㄧˋ gí) | ||
| ㄎ | kʰ | kh | k | Same value as in Mandarin | 去 (ㄎㄧ˪ khì) | ||
| ㄫ | ŋ | ng | ggn | Once appeared in old Mandarin | 雅 (ㄫㄚˋ ngá) | ||
| Glottal | ㄏ | h | h | h | Different value to Mandarin, in Mandarin [x] | 喜 (ㄏㄧˋ hí) | |
| Alveolo- palatal |
ㄐ | t͡ɕ | chi | tsi | zi | Same value as in Mandarin | 尖(ㄐㄧㆰ tsiam) |
| ㆢ | d͡ʑ | ji | zzi | Derived from ㄐ as a voiced counterpart | 入 (ㆢㄧㆴ. ji̍p) | ||
| ㄑ | t͡ɕʰ | chhi | tshi | ci | Same value as in Mandarin | 手 (ㄑㄧㄨˋ tshiú) | |
| ㄒ | ɕ | si | si | Same value as in Mandarin | 寫 (ㄒㄧㄚˋ siá) | ||
| Alveolar | ㄗ | t͡s | ch | ts | z | Same value as in Mandarin | 曾 (ㄗㄢ chan) |
| ㆡ | d͡z | j | zz | Derived from ㄗ as a voiced counterpart | 熱 (ㆡㄨㄚㆷ. jua̍h) | ||
| ㄘ | t͡sʰ | chh | tsh | c | Same value as in Mandarin | 出 (ㄘㄨㆵ chhut) | |
| ㄙ | s | s | s | Same value as in Mandarin | 衫 (ㄙㆩ saⁿ) | ||
| Rhymes and medials | |||||||
| Group | Symbol | IPA | POJ | TL | BP | Notes | Example |
| Vowels | ㄚ | a | a | a | Same value as in Mandarin | 查 (ㄘㄚ cha) | |
| ㆩ | ã | aⁿ | ann | na | Derived from ㄚ as a nasalized counterpart | 衫 (ㄙㆩ saⁿ) | |
| ㆦ | ɔ | o͘ | oo | oo | New symbol solely used in Taiwanese | 烏 (ㆦ o͘ ) | |
| ㆧ | ɔ̃ | oⁿ | onn | noo | Derived from ㆦ as a nasalized counterpart | 翁 (ㆧ oⁿ) | |
| ㄜ | ə | o | o | Different value from Mandarin, in Mandarin [ɯʌ]. May written as ㄛ and pronounced [o] in some dialects | 高 (ㄍㄜ ko) | ||
| ㆤ | e | e | e | New symbol solely used in Taiwanese | 禮 (ㄌㆤˋ lé) | ||
| ㆥ | ẽ | eⁿ | enn | ne | Derived from ㆤ as a nasalized counterpart | 生 (ㄙㆥ seⁿ) | |
| Diph- thongs |
ㄞ | ai | ai | ai | Same value as in Mandarin | ||
| ㆮ | ãĩ | aiⁿ | ainn | nai | Derived from ㄞ as a nasalized counterpart | ||
| ㄠ | au | au | ao | Same value as in Mandarin | |||
| ㆯ | ãũ | auⁿ | aunn | nao | Derived from ㄠ as a nasalized counterpart, rarely used | ||
| M finals |
ㆰ | am | am | am | A combination of ㄚ and ㄇ | 暗 (ㆰ˪ ām) | |
| ㆱ | ɔm | om | om | A combination of ㆦ and ㄇ, rarely used | 掩 (ㆱ om) | ||
| ㆬ | m̩ | m | m | Derived from ㄇ. May be used as a final bilabial nasal or a syllabic consonant | 姆 (ㆬˋ ḿ) | ||
| N finals |
ㄢ | an | an | an | Same value as in Mandarin | ||
| ㄣ | n | -n | -n | Only used in the finals ㄧㄣ, ㄨㄣ. ㄧㄣ has same value as in Mandarin. ㄨㄣ is pronounced as [un] unlike [uən] in Mandarin | 因 (ㄧㄣ in) | ||
| Ng finals |
ㄤ | aŋ | ang | ang | Same value as in Mandarin | 人 (ㄌㄤ lâng) | |
| ㆲ | ɔŋ | ong | ong | New symbol solely used in Taiwanese | 王 (ㆲ ông) | ||
| ㄥ | əŋ | -ng | -ng | Only used in the final ㄧㄥ, the final pronounced as [iŋ] unlike [iəŋ] in Mandarin | 英 (ㄧㄥ eng) | ||
| ㆭ | ŋ̍ | ng | ng | Derived from ㄫ. May be used as a final velar nasal or a syllabic consonant | 酸 (ㄙㆭ sng) | ||
| Medial vowels |
ㄧ | i | i | i | Same value as in Mandarin | 衣 (ㄧ i) | |
| ㆪ | ĩ | iⁿ | inn | ni | Derived from ㄧ as a nasalized counterpart | 圓 (ㆪˊ îⁿ) | |
| ㄨ | u | u | u | Same value as in Mandarin | 污 (ㄨ u) | ||
| ㆫ | ũ | uⁿ | unn | nu | Derived from ㄨ as a nasalized counterpart. Only used in the final ㄧㆫ [ĩũ] | 張 (ㄉㄧㆫ tiuⁿ) | |
Other features
Combined rhymes
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Tones
| Tone No. | 1 | 2(6) | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | 陰平 | 上聲 | 陰去 | 陰入 | 陽平 | 陽去 | 陽入 |
| im-pîng | siōng-siann | im-khì | im-ji̍p | iông-pîng | iông-khì | iông-ji̍p | |
| Symbol | none | ˋ | ˪ | ㄅ, ㄉ, ㄍ, ㄏ | ˊ | ˫ | ㄅ̇, ㄉ̇, ㄍ̇, ㄏ̇, |
| Pitch | ˥˥ | ˥˩ | ˧˩ | ˧ʔ | ˨˦ | ˧˧ | ˥ʔ |
| 55 | 51 | 31 | 3ʔ | 24 | 33 | 5ʔ | |
| Example | ㄉㆲ (東) | ㄉㆲˋ (黨) | ㄉㆲ˪ (棟) | ㄉㆦㄍ (督) | ㄉㆲˊ (同) | ㄉㆲ˫ (洞) | ㄉㆦㄍ̇ (毒) |
Example
| Audio File: |  Sound file |
| Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols: | ㄒㄧㄢ ㄒㆪ ㄍㆲˋ, ㄏㄚㄍ̇ ㄒㄧㄥ ㄉㄧㆰ˫ ㄉㄧㆰ˫ ㄊㄧㆩ |
| IPA: | [ ɕɪɛn˧ ɕĩ˥ kɔŋ˥˩ hak̚˧ ɕiəŋ˥ tɪam˧ tɪam˧ tʰĩã˥ ] |
| Pe̍h-ōe-jī: | Sian-siⁿ kóng, ha̍k-seng tiām-tiām thiaⁿ. |
| Tâi-lô: | Sian-sinn kóng, ha̍k-sing tiām-tiām thiann. |
| Traditional Chinese: | 先生講、學生恬恬聽。 |
| Translation: | A teacher is speaking. Students are quietly listening. |
Unicode support
Main articles: Bopomofo (Unicode block) and Bopomofo Extended
The Mandarin Phonetic Symbols were added to the Unicode Standard in October 1991 with the release of version 1.0. The Unicode block for Mandarin Phonetic Symbols is U+3100 ... U+312F.
| Bopomofo[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+310x | ㄅ | ㄆ | ㄇ | ㄈ | ㄉ | ㄊ | ㄋ | ㄌ | ㄍ | ㄎ | ㄏ | |||||
| U+311x | ㄐ | ㄑ | ㄒ | ㄓ | ㄔ | ㄕ | ㄖ | ㄗ | ㄘ | ㄙ | ㄚ | ㄛ | ㄜ | ㄝ | ㄞ | ㄟ |
| U+312x | ㄠ | ㄡ | ㄢ | ㄣ | ㄤ | ㄥ | ㄦ | ㄧ | ㄨ | ㄩ | ㄪ | ㄫ | ㄬ | ㄭ | ||
| Notes | ||||||||||||||||
The extended phonetic symbols were added to the Unicode Standard in September 1999 with the release of version 3.0. The Unicode block for the extended symbols is U+31A0 ... U+31BF.
| Bopomofo Extended[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+31Ax | ㆠ | ㆡ | ㆢ | ㆣ | ㆤ | ㆥ | ㆦ | ㆧ | ㆨ | ㆩ | ㆪ | ㆫ | ㆬ | ㆭ | ㆮ | ㆯ |
| U+31Bx | ㆰ | ㆱ | ㆲ | ㆳ | ㆴ | ㆵ | ㆶ | ㆷ | ㆸ | ㆹ | ㆺ | |||||
| Notes | ||||||||||||||||
However, there are several errors in the extended symbols
See also
References
- ↑ 吳守禮. "華、台語注音符號溯源".
External links
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