System identification

Black box systems
Concepts
Black box · Oracle machine
Methods and techniques

Black-box testing · Blackboxing


Related techniques
Feed forward · Obfuscation
Pattern recognition · White box
System identification
Fundamentals
Control systems · Open systems
Operations research
Thermodynamic systems

The field of system identification [Notes 1] uses statistical methods to build mathematical models of dynamical systems from measured data. System identification also includes the optimal design of experiments for efficiently generating informative data for fitting such models as well as model reduction.

Overview

A dynamical mathematical model in this context is a mathematical description of the dynamic behavior of a system or process in either the time or frequency domain. Examples include:

White- and black-box

One could build a so-called white-box model based on first principles, e.g. a model for a physical process from the Newton equations, but in many cases such models will be overly complex and possibly even impossible to obtain in reasonable time due to the complex nature of many systems and processes.

A much more common approach is therefore to start from measurements of the behavior of the system and the external influences (inputs to the system) and try to determine a mathematical relation between them without going into the details of what is actually happening inside the system. This approach is called system identification. Two types of models are common in the field of system identification:

In the context of nonlinear system identification Jin et al.[5] describe greybox modeling by assuming a model structure a priori and then estimating the model parameters. Parameter estimation is relatively easy if the model form is known but this is rarely the case. Alternatively the structure or model terms for both linear and highly complex nonlinear models can be identified using NARMAX methods.[6] This approach is completely flexible and can be used with grey box models where the algorithms are primed with the known terms, or with completely black box models where the model terms are selected as part of the identification procedure. Another advantage of this approach is that the algorithms will just select linear terms if the system under study is linear, and nonlinear terms if the system is nonlinear, which allows a great deal of flexibility in the identification.

Input-output vs output-only

System identification techniques can utilize both input and output data (e.g. eigensystem realization algorithm) or can include only the output data (e.g. frequency domain decomposition). Typically an input-output technique would be more accurate, but the input data is not always available.

Optimal design of experiments

The quality of system identification depends on the quality of the inputs, which are under the control of the systems engineer. Therefore, systems engineers have long used the principles of the design of experiments. In recent decades, engineers have increasingly used the theory of optimal experimental design to specify inputs that yield maximally precise estimators.[7][8]

See also

References

  1. Nielsen, Henrik Aalborg; Madsen, Henrik (200) "Predicting the Heat Consumption in District Heating Systems using Meteorological Forecasts", Department of Mathematical Modelling, Technical University of Denmark
  2. Henrik Aalborg Nielsen, Henrik Madsen (2006) "Modelling the heat consumption in district heating systems using a grey-box approach", Energy and Buildings,38 (1), 6371, doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2005.05.002
  3. Wimpenny, J.W.T. (1997) "The Validity of Models", Adv Dent Res, 11(1 ):150159
  4. Forssell, Lindskog, Combining Semi-Physical and Neural Network Modeling: An Example of Its Usefulness
  5. Jin, Sain, Pham, Spencer, Ramallo, (2001) "Modeling MR-Dampers: A Nonlinear Blackbox Approach", Proceedings of the American Control Conference Arlington, VA June 2527
  6. Billings S.A. "Nonlinear System Identification: NARMAX Methods in the Time, Frequency, and Spatio-Temporal Domains". Wiley, 2013
  7. Goodwin, Graham C. & Payne, Robert L. (1977). Dynamic System Identification: Experiment Design and Data Analysis. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-289750-1.
  8. Walter, Éric & Pronzato, Luc (1997). Identification of Parametric Models from Experimental Data. Springer.
  1. In some situations the term model identification is applied. Model identification apparently is used in a more general and modern sense, what makes system identification a special case.

Further reading

External links

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