Syrian elephant
| Syrian elephant | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Mosaic of an elephant attacking a tiger from Roman Syria | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Proboscidea |
| Family: | Elephantidae |
| Genus: | Elephas |
| Species: | Elephas maximus |
| Subspecies: | E. m. asurus |
| Trinomial name | |
| Elephas maximus asurus[2] Deraniyagala, 1950 | |
The Syrian elephant or Western Asiatic elephant (Elephas maximus asurus) is a proposed name for the westernmost population of the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), which became extinct in ancient times.[1] Skeletal remains of E. m. asurus have been recorded from the Middle East (Turkey, Iraq and Syria) from periods dating between 3 million years BC and 100 years BC.[3]
Ancient Syrian craftsmen used the tusks of E. m. asurus to make ivory carvings. In Syria, the production of ivory items was at its maximum during the first millennium BC, when the Arameans made splendid ivory inlay for furniture. This overhunting of Syrian elephants for ivory ultimately resulted in their extinction by around 100 BC.
Description
Syrian elephants were among the largest Asian elephant subspecies to have survived into historic times, measuring 3.5 metres (11 ft 6 in) or more at the shoulder. Skeletal remains show it did not differ much from the Indian subspecies, except in size.
Distribution and habitat
In Western Asia, the elephants ranged from the mangrove forests of southern Iran, to southern Anatolia, the Syrian steppes and even extended to Palestine.
Controversy
"Syrian" elephants are frequently mentioned in Hellenistic history; the Seleucid kings, who maintained numerous war elephants, reigned in Syria during that period. These elephants are believed to be Indian elephants (E. m. indicus), which had been acquired by the Seleucid kings during their eastern expansions. It is attested by ancient sources such as Strabo[4] and Polybius [5] that Seleucid kings Seleucus I Nicator and Antiochus III the Great had large numbers of imported Indian elephants. Whether these "Indian elephants" were imported due to scarcity of native Syrian elephants or due to their accomplished training and domestication as war elephants remains unclear.
Hannibal had a war elephant known as "Surus"; it has been suggested to mean "the Syrian". It was said by Cato to have been his best (and biggest) elephant.[6] In that case, the elephant may have been of Seleucid stock. If it were in fact of native Syrian stock, or an imported Indian elephant, remains subject to speculation. (The usual Carthaginian war elephants, despite popular depictions, were the smaller North African elephants [Loxodonta africana pharaoensis], an African bush elephant population or subspecies also now extinct.)
See also
- North African elephant, a subspecies of African elephant that became extinct around the 2nd century BC.
Notes
- 1 2 Choudhury, A.; Lahiri Choudhury, D.K.; Desai, A.; Duckworth, J.W.; Easa, P.S.; Johnsingh, A.J.T.; Fernando, P.; Hedges, S.; Gunawardena, M.; Kurt, F.; et al. (2008). "Elephas maximus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 October 2008.
- ↑ . P.E.P. Deraniyagala, Elephas maximus, the elephant od Ceylon, Spolie Zeylanica, 26 (1951) 161.
- ↑ http://www.tabiattarihi.ege.edu.tr/en/
- ↑ Strabo 15.2.1(9)
- ↑ Polybius 11.39
- ↑ Scullard, H. H. (1953). "Ennius, Cato, and Surus". The Classical Review. 3 (3/4): 140–142. doi:10.1017/S0009840X00995805. JSTOR 703426.
External links
- Elephants and the Nabataeans
- Ancient Mosaic depicting Syrian Elephant fighting Asiatic lions
- Image of the skeleton of Syrian Elephant found at Kahramanmaraş in southern Anatolia, Turkey
- Syrian elephant Carving, calcite-alabaster, Syria, ca. 3rd Millennium B.C.
