Swimming at the 1980 Summer Paralympics

Swimming
at the VI Paralympic Games

Paralympic Swimming

Swimming at the 1980 Summer Paralympics consisted of 192 events.

In certain events, there were only three competitors, thus guaranteeing each a medal upon successfully completing the race. In others, there were fewer than three; in the women's 4x100 metre freestyle relay C-D, for instance, the Canadian team swam unopposed, obtaining gold upon completing the event. The women's 3x50 metre medley relay CP C was the only event in which no medal was awarded. The United States team were the only competitors, but were disqualified during the race; thus, no team completed the event.[1]

Medal summary

Men's events

Event Gold Silver Bronze
25 m backstroke 1A
Mike Kenny
 Great Britain
Pekka Kantola
 Finland
Gary Birch
 Canada
25 m backstroke 1B
Karen Liljedal
 Sweden
Goran Eriksson
 Sweden
Mark Burger
 Canada
25 m backstroke 1C
Zbigniew Smyk
 Poland
Peter Hill
 Australia
Robert Ockvirk
 United States
25 m breaststroke 1A
Mike Kenny
 Great Britain
H. Tietze
 West Germany
Pekka Kantola
 Finland
25 m breaststroke 1B
Mark Burger
 Canada
G. Slupe
 United States
Fr. Procatus
 Belgium
25 m breaststroke 1C
Zbigniew Smyk
 Poland
Peter Hill
 Australia
Siegmar Henker
 West Germany
25 m butterfly 2
Andrzej Surala
 Poland
Assaf Agmon
 Israel
Yoshio Tsunoda
 Japan
25 m butterfly 3
Arkadiusz Pawlowski
 Poland
Miroslaw Owczarek
 Poland
Francisco Flores
 Spain
25 m butterfly 4
Scott Robeson
 United States
Anders Olsson
 Sweden
H. Vrieling
 Netherlands
25 m freestyle 1A
Mike Kenny
 Great Britain
Pekka Kantola
 Finland
H. Tietze
 West Germany
25 m freestyle 1B
Mark Burger
 Canada
G. Slupe
 United States
Eero Maki
 Finland
25 m freestyle 1C
Zbigniew Smyk
 Poland
Manfred Emmel
 West Germany
Robert Ockvirk
 United States
50 m backstroke 2
Andrzej Surala
 Poland
Januariusz Malyska
 Poland
Pascal Cornelis
 Belgium
50 m backstroke 3
Miroslaw Owczarek
 Poland
Henry Delgadallio
 Mexico
Andrew James Scott
 Zimbabwe
50 m backstroke CP C
C. Schuivens
 Netherlands
Goran Forsman
 Sweden
Kare Adler
 Norway
50 m backstroke E1
Andrzej Wojciechowski
 Poland
Roko Mikelin
 Yugoslavia
Jorn Nielsen
 Denmark
50 m backstroke F
Karl Schroeder
 West Germany
Baruch Peretzman
 Israel
Shoji Inoshita
 Japan
50 m backstroke F1
B. Perry
 France
R. Scharmentke
 West Germany
Andreas Brand
 West Germany
50 m backstroke J
Frits Hildebrandt
 Netherlands
Charlie Tapscott
 Australia
Johan Zegers
 Netherlands
50 m breaststroke 2
Andrzej Surala
 Poland
Januariusz Malyska
 Poland
Assaf Agmon
 Israel
50 m breaststroke 3
Miroslaw Owczarek
 Poland
Joseph Wanger
 Israel
Arkadiusz Pawlowski
 Poland
50 m breaststroke CP C
Goran Forsman
 Sweden
Kare Adler
 Norway
C. Schuivens
 Netherlands
50 m breaststroke E1
Andrzej Wojciechowski
 Poland
K. Kampka
 West Germany
Roko Mikelin
 Yugoslavia
50 m breaststroke F
Baruch Peretzman
 Israel
Heikki Miettinen
 Finland
K. Petereit
 West Germany
50 m breaststroke F1
R. Scharmentke
 West Germany
Andreas Brand
 West Germany
B. Perry
 France
50 m breaststroke J
Gerrie de Hoop
 Netherlands
Tom Nordtvedt
 Norway
Johan Zegers
 Netherlands
50 m butterfly 5
Eugenio Jimenez
 Spain
Ryszard Machowczyk
 Poland
H. G. Heynen
 Netherlands
50 m freestyle 2
Andrzej Surala
 Poland
Assaf Agmon
 Israel
Pascal Cornelis
 Belgium
50 m freestyle 3
Miroslaw Owczarek
 Poland
Arkadiusz Pawlowski
 Poland
Francisco Flores
 Spain
50 m freestyle CP C
Kare Adler
 Norway
Goran Forsman
 Sweden
C. Schuivens
 Netherlands
50 m freestyle E1
Andrzej Wojciechowski
 Poland
Roko Mikelin
 Yugoslavia
Vangel Zabev
 Yugoslavia
50 m freestyle F
Karl Schroeder
 West Germany
Baruch Peretzman
 Israel
Shoji Inoshita
 Japan
50 m freestyle J
Frits Hildebrandt
 Netherlands
Charlie Tapscott
 Australia
Gerrie de Hoop
 Netherlands
100 m backstroke 4
Scott Robeson
 United States
Adam Pielak
 Poland
J. Stanfield
 Canada
100 m backstroke 5
Ryszard Machowczyk
 Poland
Eugenio Jimenez
 Spain
Tore Nilsson
 Sweden
100 m backstroke 6
H. J. M. Legebeke
 Netherlands
G. Gattinger
 West Germany
Antonio Castello
 Mexico
100 m backstroke A
James Muirhead
 Great Britain
Frank Skaret
 Sweden
Scott Hegle
 United States
100 m backstroke B
Petter Fielding
 Sweden
Dean Winger
 United States
Steve Wilson
 United States
100 m backstroke C-D
G. Collins-Simpson
 Canada
Gary Gudgeon
 Australia
Pedro Mejía
 Colombia
100 m backstroke C1-D1
Denis Lapalme
 Canada
Erling Trondsen
 Norway
Willem van Laar
 Netherlands
100 m backstroke CP D
C. de Groen
 Netherlands
Chris Hampshire
 Great Britain
Regis Mettraux
 Switzerland
100 m backstroke E
M. Kers
 Netherlands
Andre van Buiten
 Netherlands
B. Koopman
 Netherlands
100 m breaststroke 4
D. P. Chambers
 New Zealand
J. Stanfield
 Canada
Anders Olsson
 Sweden
100 m breaststroke 5
Tore Nilsson
 Sweden
Ryszard Machowczyk
 Poland
G. Betega
 France
100 m breaststroke 6
Andrzej Blauciak
 Poland
H. J. M. Legebeke
 Netherlands
B. Jaillet
 France
100 m breaststroke A
Timothy McIsaac
 Canada
Hakan Karlsson
 Sweden
Jeff Wheatley
 United States
100 m breaststroke B
Steve Wilson
 United States
Dean Winger
 United States
Sixten Berner
 Sweden
100 m breaststroke C
Grzegorz Biela
 Poland
Ron Bolotin
 Israel
Sven Eryd
 Sweden
100 m breaststroke C1
Erling Trondsen
 Norway
Denis Lapalme
 Canada
Wieslaw Chorzepa
 Poland
100 m breaststroke CP D
J. van Dalen
 Netherlands
Robert Jernberg
 Sweden
Stig Osland
 Norway
100 m breaststroke D
Pedro Mejía
 Colombia
Larry Gardner
 Canada
W. Wecker
 West Germany
100 m breaststroke D1
Jozef Banfi
 Yugoslavia
J. Finch
 United States
Wolfgang Goris
 West Germany
100 m breaststroke E
M. Kers
 Netherlands
Andre van Buiten
 Netherlands
Janusz Kozak
 Poland
100 m butterfly 6
Uri Bergman
 Israel
G. Gattinger
 West Germany
B. Jaillet
 France
100 m butterfly A
Timothy McIsaac
 Canada
James Muirhead
 Great Britain
Scott Hegle
 United States
100 m butterfly B
Dean Winger
 United States
Petter Fielding
 Sweden
Steve Wilson
 United States
100 m butterfly C
Ron Bolotin
 Israel
G. Collins-Simpson
 Canada
Grzegorz Biela
 Poland
100 m butterfly D
Peter Aldous
 Great Britain
Roman Gronsky
 Czechoslovakia
Larry Gardner
 Canada
100 m butterfly E
Andre van Buiten
 Netherlands
Janusz Kozak
 Poland
G. Schweitzer
 West Germany
100 m freestyle 4
Anders Olsson
 Sweden
Shlomo Pinto
 Israel
Scott Robeson
 United States
100 m freestyle 5
H. G. Heynen
 Netherlands
Lars-Gunnar Andersson
 Sweden
Th. Godineau
 France
100 m freestyle 6
Uri Bergman
 Israel
Naser Eldin Nabil
 Egypt
G. Gattinger
 West Germany
100 m freestyle A
James Muirhead
 Great Britain
Timothy McIsaac
 Canada
Scott Hegle
 United States
100 m freestyle B
Dean Winger
 United States
Steve Wilson
 United States
Petter Fielding
 Sweden
100 m freestyle C-D
Ron Bolotin
 Israel
Sven Eryd
 Sweden
Gary Gudgeon
 Australia
100 m freestyle C1-D1
Willem van Laar
 Netherlands
Erling Trondsen
 Norway
Denis Lapalme
 Canada
100 m freestyle CP D
C. de Groen
 Netherlands
Stig Osland
 Norway
Robert Jernberg
 Sweden
100 m freestyle E
M. Kers
 Netherlands
B. Koopman
 Netherlands
Janusz Kozak
 Poland
400 m freestyle C-D
Gary Gudgeon
 Australia
Grzegorz Biela
 Poland
Ron Bolotin
 Israel
2x25 m individual medley F1
B. Perry
 France
Andreas Brand
 West Germany
David Foppolo
 France
3x25 m individual medley 2
Andrzej Surala
 Poland
Januariusz Malyska
 Poland
Assaf Agmon
 Israel
3x50 m individual medley C1
Erling Trondsen
 Norway
Willem van Laar
 Netherlands
Wieslaw Chorzepa
 Poland
3x50 m individual medley D1
Jozef Banfi
 Yugoslavia
Wolfgang Goris
 West Germany
J. T. M. Bakx
 Netherlands
3x50 m individual medley E1
Andrzej Wojciechowski
 Poland
Roko Mikelin
 Yugoslavia
Vangel Zabev
 Yugoslavia
3x50 m individual medley F
Karl Schroeder
 West Germany
Baruch Peretzman
 Israel
K. Petereit
 West Germany
4x25 m individual medley 3
Arkadiusz Pawlowski
 Poland
Miroslaw Owczarek
 Poland
Francisco Flores
 Spain
4x50 m individual medley 4
Scott Robeson
 United States
Anders Olsson
 Sweden
Lars Olsson
 Sweden
4x50 m individual medley 5
Ryszard Machowczyk
 Poland
Lars-Gunnar Andersson
 Sweden
Eugenio Jimenez
 Spain
4x50 m individual medley 6
Uri Bergman
 Israel
G. Gattiner
 West Germany
Zbigniew Sajkiewicz
 Poland
4x50 m individual medley A
Timothy McIsaac
 Canada
Scott Hegle
 United States
Hakan Karlsson
 Sweden
4x50 m individual medley B
Dean Winger
 United States
Petter Fielding
 Sweden
Sixten Berner
 Sweden
4x50 m individual medley C
G. Collins-Simpson
 Canada
Gary Gudgeon
 Australia
Grzegorz Biela
 Poland
4x50 m individual medley D
Gerard van Vliet
 Netherlands
Kurt Paetzold
 Switzerland
Roman Gronsky
 Czechoslovakia
4x50 m individual medley E
M. Kers
 Netherlands
Andre van Buiten
 Netherlands
Janusz Kozak
 Poland
4x100 m individual medley A
Timothy McIsaac
 Canada
James Muirhead
 Great Britain
Jeff Wheatley
 United States
4x100 m individual medley B
Steve Wilson
 United States
Sixten Berner
 Sweden
Lee Grenon
 Canada
3x25 m freestyle relay 1A-1C
 West Germany (FRG)
Manfred Emmel
Siegmar Henker
H. Tietze
 United States (USA)
Robert Ockvirk
G. Slupe
D. Wallen
 Canada (CAN)
Gary Birch
Mark Burger
T. Parker
3x50 m freestyle relay E-F
 West Germany (FRG) None None
3x50 m freestyle relay E1-F1
 West Germany (FRG)  France (FRA) None
3x50 m medley relay 2-4
 Poland (POL)
  • Marek Węgrzyn
  • Arkadiusz Pawłowski
  • Andrzej Surała
 Israel (ISR)  New Zealand (NZL)
3x100 m freestyle relay C1-D1
 Netherlands (NED) None None
3x100 m medley relay CP D
 Netherlands (NED)  France (FRA)  Belgium (BEL)
4x50 m freestyle relay 2-6
 Israel (ISR)  Poland (POL)
  • Adam Pielak
  • Andrzej Blauciak
  • Stanisław Machowczyk
  • Andrzej Pawłowski
 United States (USA)
4x100 m freestyle relay A-B
 United States (USA)  Sweden (SWE)  Canada (CAN)
4x100 m freestyle relay C-D
 West Germany (FRG)  Great Britain (GBR) None
4x100 m medley relay 1A-6
 Sweden (SWE)  Poland (POL)
  • Andrzej Surała
  • Stanisław Machowczyk
  • Marek Szpojnarowicz
  • Adam Pielak
 France (FRA)
4x100 m medley relay A-B
 United States (USA)  Sweden (SWE)  Canada (CAN)
4x100 m medley relay C
 Great Britain (GBR) None None
4x100 m medley relay D
 West Germany (FRG) None None

Women's events

Event Gold Silver Bronze
25 m backstroke 1A
Karen Donaldson
 United States
Josefina Cornejo
 Mexico
Eugenia Garcia
 Argentina
25 m backstroke 1B
Martha Sandoval
 Mexico
Monica Lopez
 Argentina
Eileen Robertson
 Zimbabwe
25 m backstroke 1C
Isabel Barr
 Great Britain
Kerstin Eriksson
 Sweden
None
25 m breaststroke 1A
Eugenia Garcia
 Argentina
Sandra James
 Zimbabwe
None
25 m breaststroke 1B
Monica Lopez
 Argentina
Eileen Robertson
 Zimbabwe
B. Baum
 United States
25 m breaststroke 1C
Isabel Barr
 Great Britain
None None
25 m butterfly 2
D. Weber
 West Germany
Syd Jacobs
 United States
Malgorzata Kopec
 Poland
25 m butterfly 3
Monika Lundborg
 Sweden
Marcella Rizzotto
 Argentina
Malgorzata Adamik
 Poland
25 m butterfly 4
G. Ignaczuk
 Poland
Teresa Herreras
 Spain
Irene Wownuk
 Canada
25 m freestyle 1A
Karen Donaldson
 United States
Josefina Cornejo
 Mexico
Eugenia Garcia
 Argentina
25 m freestyle 1B
Martha Sandoval
 Mexico
Monica Lopez
 Argentina
Eileen Robertson
 Zimbabwe
25 m freestyle 1C
Isabel Barr
 Great Britain
Kerstin Eriksson
 Sweden
None
50 m backstroke 2
M. Price
 Great Britain
D. Weber
 West Germany
Malgorzata Kopec
 Poland
50 m backstroke 3
Malgorzata Adamik
 Poland
Nella McPherson
 Jamaica
Marcella Rizzotto
 Argentina
50 m backstroke CP C
M. van der Meer
 Netherlands
E. Lauwers
 Belgium
Dorthe Bach
 Denmark
50 m backstroke F
M. H. Allard
 France
Marjorie Seargeant
 Canada
None
50 m backstroke F1
U. Sievert
 West Germany
None None
50 m backstroke J
Josee Lake
 Canada
J. van den Zaag
 Netherlands
Carina Essberg
 Sweden
50 m breaststroke 2
Margit Quell
 West Germany
D. Weber
 West Germany
M. Price
 Great Britain
50 m breaststroke 3
Marcella Rizzotto
 Argentina
Nella McPherson
 Jamaica
Monika Lundborg
 Sweden
50 m breaststroke CP C
Eva Lundkvist
 Sweden
M. van der Meer
 Netherlands
Dorthe Bach
 Denmark
50 m breaststroke E1
S. Karlsdottir
 Iceland
None None
50 m breaststroke F
Marjorie Seargeant
 Canada
M. H. Allard
 France
None
50 m breaststroke F1
Petra Schad
 West Germany
U. Sievert
 West Germany
None
50 m breaststroke J
Josee Lake
 Canada
Jolande van de Zaag
 Netherlands
None
50 m butterfly 5
C. Swanepoel
 West Germany
L. Wilkinson
 Great Britain
Malgorzata Kozlowska
 Poland
50 m freestyle 2
M. Price
 Great Britain
D. Weber
 West Germany
Irena Rusewicz
 Poland
50 m freestyle 3
Marcella Rizzotto
 Argentina
Monika Lundborg
 Sweden
D. Smith
 Great Britain
50 m freestyle CP C
M. van der Meer
 Netherlands
Eva Lundkvist
 Sweden
E. Lauwers
 Belgium
50 m freestyle F
Marjorie Seargeant
 Canada
M. H. Allard
 France
None
50 m freestyle J
Josee Lake
 Canada
J. van den Zaag
 Netherlands
Carina Essberg
 Sweden
100 m backstroke 4
G. Ignaczuk
 Poland
Teresa Herreras
 Spain
C. Salden
 Netherlands
100 m backstroke 5
C. Swanepoel
 West Germany
Malgorzata Kozlowska
 Poland
L. Wilkinson
 Great Britain
100 m backstroke 6
Agnieszka Ogorzelska
 Poland
Pilar Jabaloyas
 Spain
None
100 m backstroke A
Yvette Michel
 Canada
Susan Card
 United States
Andrea Rossi
 Canada
100 m backstroke B
Trischa Zorn
 United States
Marie van Liere
 United States
Missy Akins
 United States
100 m backstroke C-D
Jackie Mitchell
 Canada
Monica Vaughan
 Great Britain
Helen Ronnegard
 Sweden
100 m backstroke C1-D1
Ewa Dudka
 Poland
Mirjam Sanders
 Netherlands
Maj Britt Mastad
 Norway
100 m backstroke CP D
Ineke Hageraats
 Netherlands
W. Poortvliet
 Netherlands
Gayle Ginnish
 United States
100 m backstroke E
Annelie Ahrenstrand
 Sweden
Anna Korniewicz
 Poland
Isabelle Duranceau
 France
100 m breaststroke 4
G. Ignaczuk
 Poland
Teresa Herreras
 Spain
Jenny Orpwood
 Great Britain
100 m breaststroke 5
C. Swanepoel
 West Germany
Malgorzata Kozlowska
 Poland
L. Wilkinson
 Great Britain
100 m breaststroke 6
Agnieszka Ogorzelska
 Poland
Pilar Jabaloyas
 Spain
None
100 m breaststroke A
Yvette Michel
 Canada
Lorraine Robinson
 Great Britain
M. Huyben
 Netherlands
100 m breaststroke B
Missy Akins
 United States
L. Bentz
 Canada
J. Tree
 Great Britain
100 m breaststroke C
Cheryl Kristiansen
 Canada
None None
100 m breaststroke C1
Lucyna Krajewska
 Poland
Mirjam Sanders
 Netherlands
Ewa Dudka
 Poland
100 m breaststroke CP D
Ineke Hageraats
 Netherlands
Inger Johanne Martinsen
 Norway
Vibeke Hagen
 Norway
100 m breaststroke D
Monica Vaughan
 Great Britain
Jackie Mitchell
 Canada
Jan Wilson
 United States
100 m breaststroke D1
Sarah Newland
 Jamaica
Maj Britt Mastad
 Norway
Bozena Czopek
 Poland
100 m breaststroke E
Annelie Ahrenstrand
 Sweden
Anna Korniewicz
 Poland
Isabelle Duranceau
 France
100 m butterfly 6
Agnieszka Ogorzelska
 Poland
Pilar Jabaloyas
 Spain
None
100 m butterfly A
Andrea Rossi
 Canada
Carolyn Connors
 Australia
Sandy Dunne
 United States
100 m butterfly B
Trischa Zorn
 United States
Missy Akins
 United States
Eva Andersson
 Sweden
100 m butterfly C
Cheryl Kristiansen
 Canada
None None
100 m butterfly D
Monica Vaughan
 Great Britain
M. Nicholson
 Canada
Krystyna Sikorska
 Poland
100 m butterfly E
Annelie Ahrenstrand
 Sweden
Isabelle Duranceau
 France
Silvia Cornelissen
 Netherlands
100 m freestyle 4
G. Ignaczuk
 Poland
Monika Lindstrom
 Sweden
Teresa Herreras
 Spain
100 m freestyle 5
C. Swanepoel
 West Germany
L. Wilkinson
 Great Britain
Malgorzata Kozlowska
 Poland
100 m freestyle 6
Agnieszka Ogorzelska
 Poland
Pilar Jabaloyas
 Spain
Christine Morgan
 Bahamas
100 m freestyle A
Yvette Michel
 Canada
Carolyn Connors
 Australia
Gunilla Moline
 Sweden
100 m freestyle B
Trischa Zorn
 United States
Eva Andersson
 Sweden
Missy Akins
 United States
100 m freestyle C-D
Monica Vaughan
 Great Britain
Jackie Mitchell
 Canada
Karen Gesierich
 West Germany
100 m freestyle C1-D1
Lucyna Krajewska
 Poland
Mirjam Sanders
 Netherlands
S. Baker
 Canada
100 m freestyle CP D
Ineke Hageraats
 Netherlands
Inger Johanne Martinsen
 Norway
W. Poortvliet
 Netherlands
100 m freestyle E
Annelie Ahrenstrand
 Sweden
Isabelle Duranceau
 France
F. Spivey
 United States
400 m freestyle C-D
Helen Ronnegard
 Sweden
Jackie Mitchell
 Canada
M. Nicholson
 Canada
2x50 m individual medley F1
Petra Schad
 West Germany
U. Sievert
 West Germany
None
3x25 m individual medley 2
M. Price
 Great Britain
D. Weber
 West Germany
Irena Rusewicz
 Poland
3x50 m individual medley C1
Lucyna Krajewska
 Poland
Mirjam Sanders
 Netherlands
Ewa Dudka
 Poland
3x50 m individual medley D1
Maj Britt Mastad
 Norway
Sarah Newland
 Jamaica
Bozena Czopek
 Poland
3x50 m individual medley F
M. H. Allard
 France
None None
4x25 m individual medley 3
Monika Lundborg
 Sweden
D. Smith
 Great Britain
Malgorzata Adamik
 Poland
4x50 m individual medley 4
G. Ignaczuk
 Poland
Teresa Herreras
 Spain
M. Crespeau
 France
4x50 m individual medley 5
C. Swanepoel
 West Germany
Malgorzata Kozlowska
 Poland
L. Wilkinson
 Great Britain
4x50 m individual medley 6
Agnieszka Ogorzelska
 Poland
Pilar Jabaloyas
 Spain
None
4x50 m individual medley A
Yvette Michel
 Canada
Andrea Rossi
 Canada
Carolyn Connors
 Australia
4x50 m individual medley B
Trischa Zorn
 United States
Missy Akins
 United States
Marie van Liere
 United States
4x50 m individual medley C
Cheryl Kristiansen
 Canada
None None
4x50 m individual medley D
Monica Vaughan
 Great Britain
J. Mitchell
 Canada
Britt-Marie Samuelsson
 Sweden
4x50 m individual medley E
Annelie Ahrenstrand
 Sweden
Isabelle Duranceau
 France
Anna Korniewicz
 Poland
4x100 m individual medley A
Kim Kilpatrick
 Canada
None None
4x100 m individual medley B
Trischa Zorn
 United States
Marie van Liere
 United States
Eva Andersson
 Sweden
3x25 m freestyle relay 1A-1C
 United States (USA)
Karen Donaldson
Sharon Myers
C. Patton
 Argentina (ARG)
Eugenia Garcia
Monica Lopez
Susana Masciotra
None
3x50 m medley relay 2-4
 Poland (POL)  Great Britain (GBR)  United States (USA)
3x50 m medley relay CP C
None None None
3x100 m freestyle relay C1-D1
 Poland (POL) None None
3x100 m medley relay CP D
 Netherlands (NED)  United States (USA)  France (FRA)
4x50 m freestyle relay 2-6
 Great Britain (GBR)  Poland (POL) None
4x100 m freestyle relay A-B
 United States (USA)  Canada (CAN)  West Germany (FRG)
4x100 m freestyle relay C-D
 Canada (CAN) None None
4x100 m medley relay 1A-6
 Poland (POL)  Netherlands (NED)  Spain (ESP)
4x100 m medley relay A-B
 United States (USA)  Canada (CAN) None

References

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 9/17/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.