Stubble burning

Stubble burning in Essex, England in 1986

Stubble burning is the deliberate setting fire of the straw stubble that remains after wheat and other grains have been harvested. The practice was widespread until the 1990s, when governments increasingly restricted its use.

Effects

Burning of rice residues after harvest, to quickly prepare the land for wheat planting, around Sangrur, Punjab, India.

The burning of stubble, contrasted with alternatives such as ploughing the stubble back into the ground has a number of consequences and effects on the environment^[1]

Stubble burning:

• Quickly clears the field and is cheap.
• Kills weeds, including those resistant to herbicide.
• Kills slugs and other pests.
• Can reduce nitrogen tie-up

However, it has a number of harmful effects on the environment:

• Loss of nutrients.
• Pollution from smoke.
• Damage to electrical and electronic equipment from floating threads of conducting waste.
• Risk of fires spreading out of control^[2]

There is a perception that stubble burning contributes to atmospheric CO₂. However carbon dioxide releases are only slightly greater than those from natural decomposition^[1]

Attitudes to stubble burning

• Stubble burning has been effecively prohibited since 1993 in England and Wales.^[3] A perceived increase in blackgrass, and particularly herbicide resistant blackgrass, has led to a campaign by some arable farmers for its return.^[4]
• In Australia stubble burning is "not the preferred option for the majority of farmers"^[1] but is permitted and recommended in some circumstances. Farmers are advised to rake and burn windrows, and leave a fire break of 3 metres around any burn off.^[2]
• In the United States, fires are fairly common in mid-western states. Many of the fires in the video are started deliberately.

This visualization shows fires detected in the United States from July 2002 through July 2011. Look for fires that reliably burn each year in western states and across the Southeast.

• In France, stubble burning is said to be fairly common.
• In China, there is a governmental ban on stubble burning, however the practice remains fairly common.^[5]
• In northern India, despite a ban by the Punjab Pollution Control Board, the practice of stubble burning is still practiced. Authorities are starting to enforce this ban more proactively.^[6]
• Stubble burning is allowed by permit in some Canadian provinces, including Manitoba where 5% of farmers were estimated to do it in 2007.^[7]

See also

• Slash-and-burn

References

1. 1 2 3 "Grains and Other Crops» Crop Production» Stubble Burning". 
2. 1 2 Ellison, Amelia (August 24, 2013). "Stubble burns cause headache for firebrigades". The Wimmera Mail Times. Retrieved 24 August 2013. 
3. ↑ The Crop Residues (Burning) Regulations 1993
4. ↑ Tasker, Johann (May 30, 2012). "Farmers step up stubble burning campaign". Retrieved 24 August 2013. 
5. ↑ "Farmers burn wheat stubble despite ban". Peoples Daily. June 15, 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013. 
6. ↑ "Paddy stubble burning: Two farmers booked in Sangrur". Hindustan Times. October 31, 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014. 
7. ↑ http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/smoke-from-stubble-fires-engulfs-winnipeg-1.678678