South African Class 25 4-8-4

The South African Railways Class 25 4-8-4 of 1953 was a condensing steam locomotive.

Between 1953 and 1955, the South African Railways placed ninety Class 25 condensing steam locomotives with a 4-8-4 Northern type wheel arrangement in service. The Class 25NC, which was placed in service at the same time, was a non-condensing version of the Class 25 condenser.^[1][2]

Background

Owing to the difficulties experienced to obtain adequate supplies of suitable water in arid regions like the Great Karoo between Touws River and Kimberley and from De Aar into South West Africa (SWA), the South African Railways (SAR) began to give serious consideration to the possibility of introducing condensing locomotives as far back as the late 1930s. At one time, it was considered to convert Class 12A 4-8-2 locomotives to condensing engines, but this never happened.^[1]

Condensing locomotives were a rarity, but no novelty to South Africa, since the first condensing steam locomotives had already entered service in the Cape of Good Hope in the late nineteenth century. Between 1886 and 1888, three well-tank condensing locomotives with a 0-4-0 wheel arrangement were placed in service by the Cape Copper Mining Company on its Namaqualand Railway, a 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) gauge line between Port Nolloth and O'okiep.^[3]

L.C. Grubb

On the SAR, it was only after the Second World War that extensive condensing tests were carried out with the modified Class 20 2-10-2 locomotive. The approximately 90% water and 10% coal savings which were achieved during the tests with the Class 20 in the Eastern Transvaal and the Karoo in 1950 and 1951, led to the decision to proceed with the design of a new condensing locomotive.^[1]

The result, the Class 25 4-8-4 Northern type condensing loco­motive, can be considered as the ultimate in SAR non-articulated loco­motive design. It was designed under the direction of L.C. Grubb, Chief Mechanical Engineer of the SAR from 1949 to 1954.^[1]

Manufacturers

NBL builder's plate on no. 3484

The design work on the locomotive's condensing apparatus and the condensing tender was carried out by Henschel and Son, who built one locomotive complete with tender, no. 3451 with works number 28730. This locomotive was then dispatched to the North British Locomotive Company (NBL) in Glasgow, who built the rest of the Class 25 locomotives, numbered in the range from 3452 to 3540. They were delivered between 1953 and 1955.^{[1][4][5][6][7]}

Henschel patent plate

Tender works plate

Apart from the complete engine and tender no. 3454, Henschel built 60 more of the condensing tenders, to which they held the patent, with works numbers in the range from 28780 to 28839, as well as four spare boilers for the Classes 25 and 25NC, with works numbers in the range from 28770 to 28773. The last 29 condensing tenders were built by NBL.^[4][8][9]

In 1963, one more condensing tender, no. 3541, was built by the Salt River shops of the SAR on a spare cast frame which was delivered as part of the original order, which called for three spare frames, one for an engine and one each for a condenser and non-condenser tender.^[10]

Characteristics

The boiler was similar to the Watson Standard no. 3B boiler of the Class 15F, but with the distance between tubeplates reduced from 22 feet 6 inches (6,858 millimetres) to 19 feet (5,791 millimetres) by the use of a combustion chamber. While this resulted in a slight decrease in the total evaporative heating surface, there was a 40% increase in the firebox heating surface and a better ratio of firebox to grate area. The boiler was lagged with Cape Asbestos mattresses, manufactured and fitted in South Africa.^[5][11]

Since the temperature of the condensed feedwater was too high for the use of ordinary injectors, the boiler was fed by two turbo-pumps, located under the cab. Each pump had a capacity of approximately 88 imperial gallons (400 litres) per minute.^[5][11]

Original smokebox front

The smokebox of the Class 25 was similar to that of the Class 25NC, but with the front extended to accommodate the centrifugal blower, which was driven by an exhaust steam turbine mounted under the front of the smokebox. Apart from the usual round smokebox door in the centre of the smokebox front plate, the complete front plate on both classes was hinged to the wrapper plate on the right hand side of the smokebox, in addition to being bolted to the angle ring at the smokebox front, to facilitate less cramped access to the blower equipment, superheater header and tubes.^[11]

On the Class 25 condensing locomotive, spent steam was recycled and condensed back to water for repeated use. Since the steam wasn't expelled up the chimney, the Class 25's smokebox contained a steam turbine-driven fan beneath the chimney to keep the draught going, with deflector plates to prevent char from causing excessive wear on the fan blades. Most of the char was collected at the bottom of the smokebox front, from where it was discharged through a steam ejector pipe which exhausted immediately in front of the chimney.^[1][5]

Banjo-face smokebox front

The draught turbine gave the locomotive its characteristic whining sound while running. As delivered, the Class 25 had the usual round smokebox front, but this was later modified by adding a banjo shaped extension to also cover the exhaust steam turbine. Spent steam was fed through a thick pipe on the locomotive's left side back to the condensing tender.^[1][4]

Roller bearings were used throughout, including on the three-axle tender bogies, the coupling and connecting rods as well as the crosshead gudgeon pins, while the locomotive's leading bogies and coupled wheels had Cannon-type axle boxes. A novelty, compared to earlier SAR practice, was the adoption of mechanical lubrication. A 16-feed lubricator was driven off the reversing link trunnion. Since the Class 25 was entirely mounted on roller bearings, very little effort was required to move these huge locomotives.^[1][5][11]

The cylinders and frames were cast in one piece, while the steel cylinders and steam chests were fitted with cast iron liners. The tender frame was also a one-piece steel casting. The crossheads, of the Alligator type, were split on the vertical centre line and clamped on to the end of the piston rods, which had three coned rings engaging in grooves in the crossheads. The original coupling rods differed from the usual in the provision of three independent rods, thereby doing away with four knuckle joints and pins.^[1][5]

The locomotive was able to negotiate curves with a radius of 275 feet (84 metres), with ¹⁄₄ inch (6 millimetres) gauge widening and 4 ¹⁄₂ inches (114 millimetres) superelevation. The wheels, axles and axleboxes of the leading bogie were designed to be interchangeable with those of the Class 15F, while the wheels and axles of the trailing bogie were interchangeable with those of the Class 24's trailing bogie.^[11]

The locomotive's brakes were operated by two 24 inches (610 millimetres) diameter cylinders on the engine and four 21 inches (533 millimetres) diameter cylinders on the tender. The brake riggings on the tender bogies were independent of each other, and the front tender bogie was equipped with a hand brake. The engine and tender brake pipelines were fitted with delaying valves, which delayed brake application on the locomotive until a predetermined degree of braking had been established throughout the train. A separate driver's brake valve permitted the continued application of locomotive brakes while the train brakes were being released or vacuum was being built up.^[11]

Engine cab, connections for steam pipe at left and mechanical stoker at centre below footplate

Almost one third of the total length of the Type CZ condensing tender was taken up by the coal bunker, which included the oil separator equipment to remove oil from spent steam, and the mechanical stoker equipment which had a maximum delivery rate of 12,000 pounds (5,443 kilograms) of coal per hour. The rear two-thirds was taken up by eight large radiators on each side, cooled by five steam-driven roof-mounted fans. The 5,000 imperial gallons (22,700 litres) water capacity consisted of two tanks, a 4,400 imperial gallons (20,000 litres) fresh water tank in the centre of the tender between the radiators and a 600 imperial gallons (2,730 litres) condensate tank under the tender belly between the bogies. Feedwater was taken directly from the condensate tank's hot contents, rather than from the main tank's cold contents.^{[1][2][5][11]}

The system proved to be extremely efficient and reduced water consumption by as much as 90% by using the same water up to eight times over, giving the Class 25 locomotive a range of 800 kilometres (500 miles) between water refills. In addition, the hot condensate feedwater resulted in a significantly reduced coal consumption.^[10][12][13]

The condensing tenders were rather appropriately classified as Type CZ, since CZ is also the motor vehicle registration letters of Beaufort West, the capital town of the Karoo where the Class 25 was to serve. Since spent steam was not expelled through the chimney, the condensers sounded unlike any other steam locomotive on South African rails. Their non-condensing and free exhausting Class 25NC sister locomotives had the usual sharp bark of a steam locomotive, especially under load, while the condensing Class 25 had more of a hoarse hollow chuff sound in addition to its turbine whine.^[1][2]

Teething troubles

Soon after being placed in service, problems were experienced with failing connecting rods, big end bearings breaking up as well as cracks developing in the motion girder of the Alligator crossheads. After investigations by SAR engineers, with assistance from South Africa's Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), the crossheads, slide bars and coupling rods were modified. The crossheads were converted to the multiple-bearing type with single guide bars, while the three independent coupling rods were replaced with the more conventional single coupling rod with knuckle joints.^[1][14]

Considerable trouble was also experienced with the induced draught equipment. The blower blades suffered heavy edge wear from solid particles in the exhaust and blade fractures occurred in both the blower and steam turbine wheels, which called for intense investigation by SAR engineers, Henschel representatives and the CSIR.^[1][14]

An initial attempt to solve the blade fracture problem by increasing the breadth of the blade roots from 7 to 14 millimetres (0.28 to 0.55 inches) was unsuccessful. Fatigue tests and stress analysis by the CSIR showed that both sizes of blades had failed due to fatigue at the sharp fillets, as a result of the repeated changes in the centrifugal load due to variations in the turbine rotational speed. The solution was arrived at when it was realised that none of the single "lock" blades, which were supported by two conical pins, of any rotor had ever failed. When such conical pins were also introduced between all the other blades in the rotors, fatigue tests showed that this made them considerably stronger. The design was amended accordingly and the problem was solved. Some time later it was found that welding the blades onto the rotor edge proved to be a good cheaper alternative.^[15]

Service

The Class 25 was built specifically for work in the Karoo and the Kalahari, where water is a scarce resource. They initially served on the unelectrified mainline from Touws River via Beaufort West to De Aar, where they handled all goods and passenger traffic, including passenger trains like the Blue Train. When the section from Touws River to Beaufort West was electrified, the Class 25 continued working between Beaufort West and De Aar, but it now also worked between De Aar and Kimberley, across from Kimberley to Bloemfontein to the east, as well as westward from Kimberley to Postmasburg, Sishen and Hotazel in the Kalahari, hauling iron and manganese ore.^[10][13]

Rebuilding

The Class 25 was a complex locomotive which required high maintenance, especially on the turbine blower fans in the smokebox, whose blades needed to be replaced frequently due to damage by solid particles in the exhaust. The equally complex condensing tender also required frequent maintenance. Between 1973 and 1980, after serving for twenty years and partially accelerated by the introduction of electric and diesel-electric traction over routes which were previously served exclusively by the Class 25, all but three of the Class 25 condensing locomotives, numbers 3451, 3511 and 3540, were converted to free exhausting and non-condensing locomotives as they went through the workshops for major overhauls. The converted locomotives were reclassified to Class 25NC.^[16]

It has been suggested that, had the Class 25 been modified to produce less black smoke or char as a result of incomplete combustion, in accordance with the Gas Producer Combustion System (GPCS) principles which were applied by mechanical engineer David Wardale when he rebuilt a Class 25NC locomotive to the Class 26 Red Devil, the problem of char damage to the fan blades could have been largely eliminated. The GPCS program, however, only began near the end of the Class 25's conversion to Class 25NC.^[10][17][18]

The first conversion was done at De Aar on no. 3452 and consisted of the turbine and exhaust pipe being removed from the smokebox and replaced with a blastpipe and chimney. The tender was stripped of its condensing equipment, but retained its original fresh water and condensate tanks and feed pumps, with the radiator framing and roof panelled over. The locomotive's general appearance therefore changed little, but while the conversion of no. 3452 was aesthetically superior when compared with subsequent conversions, it did not carry enough water.^[19]

Salt River Shops rebuild plate

The rest of the fleet was rebuilt at the Salt River shops in Cape Town. In the process, their condensing tenders were also rebuilt to ordinary coal-and-water tenders by removing the condensing radiators and roof fans and replacing it with a massive round-topped water tank.^[16]

Type EW2 Worshond tender

The shape and appearance of the tender conversion was dictated by strength considerations. It was considered to shorten the tender frame, but it was eventually retained as it was. To replicate the Class 25NC tender tank and bunker on the longer CZ tender frame would have exceeded the permissible axle loading by a considerable amount. The long cast steel frame of the tender was very flexible, but the radiator framing and roof contributed a great deal to the vertical stiffness. The final form of the tender tank supplied enough strength, with its semi-circular top welded to the original fresh water tank via the fan supports and the long triangular gussets set into the bunker sides, which extended past the midpoint of the frame. Locomotives with these rebuilt tenders were soon nicknamed Worshond, Afrikaans for dachshund and literally translated as sausage dog. The worshond tenders were reclassified as Type EW2.^[8][16][19]

When the Class 25 condensers were converted to Class 25NC non-condensers, their number plates were copied and recast with the additional "NC" for "non-condensing" squeezed in next to the existing "25", which resulted in a lopsided class indication on their plates. Locomotives with all four characters neatly in line and centred were therefore usually identifiable as original Class 25NCs. After they were relieved of their condensing gear, these locomotives served for another eleven years before being withdrawn from service by the SAR, when steam was finally completely replaced by electric and diesel-electric traction.^[10][13][20]

Works numbers

The locomotive numbers, builders, works numbers and tender builders are listed in the table. On the builders' works lists, all the locomotives are shown as having been built in 1953. The tenders were numbered in the range from 3451 to 3540 for their engines, while the additional spare tender which was built at Salt River in 1963 was numbered 3541. All tenders bore the same works number as the engines they were built with, except the sixty tenders which were built by Henschel for engines which were built by NBL. These 60 were allocated Henschel works numbers as shown.^{[1][2][10][8]}

Illustration

The main picture shows preserved no. 3511 Frieda at Hartswater in the Cape Province on 24 April 1981.

• 
  No. 3537 in steam at Beaufort West, 26 June 1966
• 
  No. 3451, the sole Henschel-built Class 25, De Aar, 6 April 1979
• 
  NBL-built ex condenser no. 3464 with a Worshond tender, De Aar, 6 April 1979
• 
  No. 3511 Frieda at Pudimoe on the Hotazel line, c. 1991
• 
  No. 3511 Frieda staged at Beaconsfield, 17 September 2009
• 
  Type CZ condensing tender no. 3480, Beaconsfield, 17 September 2009

Further reading

• Roosen, Dr.-Ing. R. (17 March 1960). "Class 25 Condensing Locomotives on the South African Railways — Design and Operating Experiences". J. Inst. Locomotive Engineers. 50:2 (274): 243–280. Paper Nº 607. 

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to South African Class 25 (4-8-4).

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