Siege of Limerick (1691)
| Siege of Limerick 1691 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Williamite War in Ireland | |||||||
 The treaty stone on which the Treaty of Limerick was signed in 1691 | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Jacobite forces - French and Irish Catholic toops | Williamite forces - English, Scottish, Dutch, Danish, Ulster Protestant troops | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Patrick Sarsfield | Godert de Ginkell | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| ~14,000 | 20,000 | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| ~800 killed in action | ~low, though likely some deaths from disease | ||||||
Limerick in western Ireland was besieged twice during the Williamite War in Ireland (1689-91). The city, held by Jacobite forces was able to beat off a Williamite assault in 1690. However, after a second siege in August-October 1691, it surrendered on favourable terms.
Siege
By the time of the second siege, the military situation had turned against the Jacobites. The main Jacobite army was smashed at the Battle of Aughrim in July 1691, losing 4,000 men killed, including their commander, the Marquis de St Ruth and thousands more taken prisoner and deserted. Galway capitulated in July 1691. The Jacobite army retreated from Galway with all the honours of war to Limerick, but in contrast to the previous year, morale was low. On the other hand, the defences of Limerick had been considerably strengthened since 1690. The Williamite general Godert de Ginkell surrounded the city and bombarded it, tearing a breach in the walls of English town. A surprise Williamite attack drove the Irish defenders from the earthworks defending Thomond bridge, sending its Irish defenders reeling back towards Limerick. The French defenders of the main gate of the city refused to open it for the fleeing Irish and about 800 of them were cut down or drowned in the river Shannon.
Capitulation and treaty
After this point, Patrick Sarsfield ousted the Chevalier de Tessé and the Marquis d'Usson, the French commanders in Limerick, and began negotiations to surrender. He and Ginkel concluded a treaty that promised to: respect the civilian population of Limerick; tolerate the Catholic religion in Ireland; guarantee against the confiscation of Catholic-owned land; and allow Sarsfield and the fully armed Jacobite army to withdraw to France. Limerick capitulated under these favourable terms in October 1691. Sarsfield left Ireland with 10,000 soldiers and 4,000 women and children to enter the French service. This journey has become known as the Flight of the Wild Geese. The terms of the Treaty of Limerick were not honoured by the 1697 Protestant dominated Irish Parliament and Catholics were subjected to the continuous oppression of the Penal Laws which discriminated against them right up to the early 19th century.
Sources
- S. McGarry, Irish Brigades Abroad, Dublin 2013.
- Piers Waudchope, Patrick Sarsfield and the Williamite War, Dublin 1992.
- J.G. Simms, Jacobite Ireland, London 1969.