Shirō Ishii

In this Japanese name, the family name is Ishii.
Shirō Ishii

Major (later General) Shirō Ishii, in 1932
Native name 石井 四郎
Born (1892-06-25)June 25, 1892
Shibayama, Empire of Japan
Died October 9, 1959(1959-10-09) (aged 67)
Tokyo, Japan
Allegiance  Empire of Japan
Service/branch Imperial Japanese Army
Years of service 1921–1945
Rank Surgeon General (Lieutenant-General)
Commands held Unit 731, Kwantung Army
Battles/wars
Awards Order of the Golden Kite, Fourth Class

Surgeon General Shirō Ishii (石井 四郎 Ishii Shirō, June 25, 1892 – October 9, 1959) was a Japanese army medical officer, microbiologist and the director of Unit 731, a biological warfare unit of the Imperial Japanese Army involved in forced and frequently lethal human experimentation during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945).

Biography

Early years

Ishii was born in the former Shibayama Village of Sanbu District in Chiba Prefecture, and studied medicine at Kyoto Imperial University. He was commissioned into the Imperial Japanese Army in 1921 as an army surgeon, second class (surgeon lieutenant). In 1922 he was assigned to the 1st Army Hospital and Army Medical School in Tokyo. There his work impressed his superiors enough to gain him post-graduate medical schooling at the Kyoto Imperial University two years later. During his study at the Kyoto Imperial University, Ishii would often grow bacteria "pets" in multiple petri dishes. His odd practice of raising bacteria as companions rather than as research subjects made Ishii notable to the staff of the university.[1]

In 1925, Ishii was promoted to army surgeon, first class (surgeon captain) and by 1927 he was advocating the creation of a bio-weapons program. Beginning in 1928, he took a two-year tour of the West. In his travels, he did extensive research on the effects of biological warfare and chemical warfare developments from World War I onwards. It was a highly successful mission and helped win him the patronage of Sadao Araki, Minister of the Army. He received promotion to senior army surgeon, third class (surgeon major), in January 1931.

Biological warfare project

In 1932, he began his preliminary experiments in biological warfare as a secret project for the Japanese military at Zhongma Fortress. He was promoted to senior army surgeon, second class (surgeon lieutenant-colonel) in 1935. In 1936, Unit 731 was formed. Ishii built a huge compound — more than 150 buildings over six square kilometers — outside the city of Harbin, China. The research was secret, and the cover story was that Unit 731 was engaged in water-purification work.

Ishii was promoted to senior army surgeon, first class (surgeon colonel) in 1938. On 9 February 1939, he gave a lecture on bacteriological warfare in the War Ministry Grand Conference Hall in Tokyo. One of the attendees was prince Yasuhito Chichibu,[1] Hirohito's (the 124th Emperor of Japan) brother, who also watched vivisection demonstrations by Ishii.[2] He was decorated with the Order of the Golden Kite, Fourth Class, in October.[3] From 1940, Ishii was appointed Chief of the Biological Warfare Section of the Kwantung Army, holding the post simultaneously with that of the Bacteriological Department of the Army Medical Academy,[4] and was promoted to surgeon major-general in March of the following year. In 1942, Ishii began field tests of germ warfare agents developed, and various methods of dispersion (via firearms, bombs etc.) both on Chinese prisoners of war and operationally on battlefields and against civilians in Chinese cities. Some historians estimate that tens of thousands died as a result of the bio-weapons (including bubonic plague, cholera, anthrax and others)[5] deployed. His unit also conducted physiological experiments on human subjects, including vivisections, forced abortions, and simulated strokes, heart attacks, frostbite and hypothermia.[6]

From 1942–1945, Ishii was Chief of the Medical Section of the Japanese First Army.[4] He was promoted to surgeon-general in March 1945 and in the same month, he also planned to launch biological weapons against San Diego, California, by utilizing kamikaze planes (see Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night). In the final days of the Pacific War and in the face of imminent defeat, Japanese troops blew up the headquarters of Unit 731 in order to destroy evidence of the research done there. As part of the cover-up, Ishii ordered 150 remaining subjects killed.

In all, more than ten thousand people,[7] of which around 600 every year were provided by the kempeitai (Japanese secret police),[8] were subjects of the experimentation conducted by Unit 731. These were called by Ishii and his peers maruta (丸太) "logs," a term originating either in the view of subjects as inert, expendable entities or possibly in the cover story told to locals that the facility contained a sawmill.

War crime immunity

Arrested by the US occupation authorities at the end of World War II, Ishii and other Unit 731 leaders were to be thoroughly interrogated by the Soviet authorities.[9] Instead Ishii and his team managed to negotiate and receive immunity in 1946 from war-crimes prosecution before the Tokyo tribunal in exchange for their full disclosure of germ warfare data based on human experimentation. Although the Soviet authorities wished the prosecutions to take place, the United States objected after the reports of the investigating US microbiologists. Among these was Dr. Edwin Hill (Chief of Fort Detrick), whose report stated that the information was "absolutely invaluable", it "could never have been obtained in the United States because of scruples attached to experiments on humans", and "the information was obtained fairly cheaply".[9] On 6 May 1947, Douglas MacArthur wrote to Washington that "additional data, possibly some statements from Ishii probably can be obtained by informing Japanese involved that information will be retained in intelligence channels and will not be employed as 'War Crimes' evidence."[10] The deal was concluded in 1948. In this way Ishii was never prosecuted for any war crimes.

Richard Drayton, a Cambridge University history lecturer, claimed that Ishii later went to Maryland to advise on bioweapons.[11] If Ishii did travel to Maryland, it was most likely to advise at Fort Detrick, a well known major biomedical experimentation facility in Frederick, Maryland. Wilfred Burchett wrote in 1953 that Reuters had reported Ishii as arriving in South Korea in 1951. This was at the same time that Korea was alleging the US had used biological warfare in Korea.[12] Another source says he stayed in Japan, where he opened a clinic where he did examinations and treatments for free.[13] Ishii was especially concerned with the health of children. He kept a diary but it did not reference any of his wartime activity.[14] He died of throat cancer at the age of 67,[15] having, according to his daughter, converted to Catholicism[16] on his death bed.

See also

Sources

Citations

  1. 1 2 Sheldon Harris, Factories of Death, 2002, p. 142
  2. ↑ Sheldon Harris, Japanese Biomedical Experimentation during the World War II Era, in Military Medical Ethics, volume 2, 2003, p. 469
  3. ↑ Japanese Wikipedia article
  4. 1 2 Ammenthorp, Steen. "Ishii, Shiro". The Generals of World War II.
  5. ↑ Hudson, Christopher. "Doctors of Depravity". Daily Mail. Associated Newspapers Ltd. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
  6. ↑ Baader, Gherard; Lederer, Susan E.; Low, Morris; Schmaltz, Florian; Schwerin, Alexander V. (September 2005). "Science Without Moral Boundaries". In Sachse, Carola; Walker, Mark. Osiris Volume 20. The University of Chicago Press. pp. 205–231.
  7. ↑ "Book on Japan's germ warfare crimes published". ChinaDaily. Xinhua. 2003-10-17.
  8. ↑ Yuki Tanaka, Hidden Horrors, Westviewpress, 1996, p. 138
  9. 1 2 BBC Horizon "Biology at War: A Plague in the Wind" (29 Oct. 1984)
  10. ↑ Hal Gold, Unit 731 Testimony, 2003, p. 109
  11. ↑ Drayton, Richard (10 May 2005). "An ethical blank cheque". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 June 2009.
  12. ↑ Burchett, Wilfred G., This Monstrous War, Ch 17, Melbourne, Joseph Waters, 1953.
  13. ↑ "Daughter's Eye View of Lt. Gen Ishii, Chief of Devil's Brigade". The Japan Times. 29 August 1982.
  14. ↑ 青木冨貴子「731―石井四郎と細菌戦部隊の闇を暴く」新潮社(新潮文庫)、2005年。ISBN 4-10-373205-9
  15. ↑ Hudson, Christopher (2 March 2007). "Doctors of Depravity". Daily Mail. Associated Newspapers. Retrieved 25 May 2012.
  16. ↑ Asahi Shinbun June 12, 2007

References

  • Barenblatt, Daniel. A Plague Upon Humanity: the Secret Genocide of Axis Japan's Germ Warfare Operation, HarperCollins, 2004. ISBN 978-0-06-018625-8
  • Gold, Hal. Unit 731 Testimony, Charles E Tuttle Co., 1996. ISBN 978-4-900737-39-6
  • Williams, Peter. Unit 731: Japan's Secret Biological Warfare in World War II, Free Press, 1989. ISBN 978-0-02-935301-1
  • Harris, Sheldon H. Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare 1932–45 and the American Cover-Up, Routledge, 1994. ISBN 978-0-415-09105-3 ISBN 978-0-415-93214-1
  • Endicott, Stephen and Hagerman, Edward. The United States and Biological Warfare: Secrets from the Early Cold War and Korea, Indiana University Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0-253-33472-5
  • Handelman, Stephen and Alibek, Ken. Biohazard: The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World—Told from Inside by the Man Who Ran It, Random House, 1999. ISBN 978-0-375-50231-6 ISBN 978-0-385-33496-9
  • Harris, Robert and Paxman, Jeremy. A Higher Form of Killing: The Secret History of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Random House, 2002. ISBN 978-0-8129-6653-4
  • Barnaby, Wendy. The Plague Makers: The Secret World of Biological Warfare, Frog Ltd, 1999. ISBN 978-1-883319-85-4 ISBN 978-0-7567-5698-7 ISBN 978-0-8264-1258-4 ISBN 978-0-8264-1415-1
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