Shilluk language
| Shilluk (Chollo) | |
|---|---|
| Dhøg Cøllø | |
| Pronunciation | Zɔg ʃɔllɔ |
| Native to | South Sudan & Sudan |
| Region | Upper Nile State & White Nile State (Ogïgg) |
| Ethnicity | Shilluk people (Cøllø) or Sudanese |
Native speakers | (175,000 cited 1982)[1] |
|
Nilo-Saharan?
| |
| Latin | |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Shilluk Kingdom |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 |
shk |
| Glottolog |
shil1265[2] |
Shilluk or Dhøg Cøllø[3] is a Nilotic language spoken by the Shilluk people of South Sudan and Sudan. It is closely related to Luo and other Nilotic peoples' languages. There are twenty nine (29) alphabetic characters in Dhøg Cøllø; ten (10) vowels and 19 consonants.
Dhøg Cøllø Samples
Gwɛtti Dhɔ Cɔlɔ mi tyɛli malɔ
Gwedd ki Dhøg Cøllø men nyänø
Cigg dyërø mi dhaanhø ki Dhøg Cøllø ki yij wänyø mi cigg Pödh Cøllø
Dhøg Cøllø Alphabets
New Dhøg Cøllø Alphabetical Order
| Uppercase | Lowercase | Example |
|---|---|---|
| A | a | Agagø |
| Ä | ä | Älø |
| B | b | Bulø |
| C | c | Cängø |
| D | d | Dagø |
| DH | dh | Dhøgø |
| E | e | Erø |
| Ë | ë | Ëërø |
| G | g | Gwelø |
| I | i | Idhø |
| Ï | ï | Ïdhdh |
| J | j | Jaldwøngø |
| K | k | Këëlø |
| L | l | Lebø |
| M | m | Malø |
| N | n | Namø |
| NG | ng | Ngerø |
| NH | nh | Nhuunhø |
| NY | ny | Nyäälø |
| Ø | ø | Ødø |
| Ö | ö | Ölø |
| O | o | Olidhø |
| P | p | Palø |
| R | r | Rëëjø |
| T | t | Tulø |
| TH | th | Thølø |
| U | u | Wunø |
| W | w | Wangø |
| Y | y | Yadhø |
Phonetics, Symbols and Pronunciations
| Symbol | Written Language (Formal) | Pronunciation | Short Form | Informal Usage |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ɑ | agagø | ɑgɑg | agag | agak |
| ʌ | älø | ʌl | äl | äl |
| e | lell (plural of leelø) | lel | lel | lel |
| ə | pëmø | pəm | pëm | pëm |
| i | idhø | iz | idh | Ithø/ith |
| iː | ïdhdh (plural of idhø) | iːz | ïdh | ïthi/ïdhi |
| ɔ | ødø | ɔd | ød | øt/øtø |
| ɔː | thøø | θɔː | ... | ... |
| o | thwölø | θuol | thwöl | ... |
| oː | pöörø | poːr | pöör | ... |
| ɒ | thomø | θɒm | thom | ... |
| ʊ | ludhø | lʊz | ludh | luthø/luth |
| dʒ | muujø | muːdʒ | muuj | muucø/muuc |
| u | kulø | kul | kul | ... |
| uː | nhuudhø | nzuːdʒ | nhudh | nhuth/nhuthø |
| nj | nywögø | njuoːg | nywög | nywökø/nywök |
| b | bulø | bʊl | bul | ... |
| tʃ | cängø | tʃзŋk | cäng | ... |
| g | gaag | gɑːg | gaag | gaak/gaakø |
| p | pälø | pʌl | päl | ... |
| ŋ | nyingø | njiŋ | nying | ... |
| ʃ | cingø | ʃiŋ | cing | ... |
| … etc. … | ||||
Grammar
In Dhøg Cøllø, Grammar is mostly considered important in translations of other languages into Dhøg Cøllø and among or when communicating with fluent speakers, writers, listeners, and readers. Novices always deserves more attention when communication in Dhøg Cøllø. Children are always encouraged to continue practicing their grammar (Dhøg Cøllø) skills and to be more careful when they are communication with strangers. As in many languages, grammar and words orders is very important in speeches. Example of a Simple and Complete Sentence in Dhøg Cøllø looks something like this: Men ba rëëjø. According to the words orders in part of legal and well organized speech, Men ba rëëjø simply means "This is a fish" in English. Like English or other Latin based languages and Nilotic languages, Dhøg Cøllø does follow grammar rules and words orders to construct a complete sentence like SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT in simple sentence construction. Example: Dhaanhø ba läyø thyewø. Dhaanhø (subject) + ba (verb) + läyø (objective phrase) + thyewø (adverbial phrase/degree). Dhaanhø = Human being; ba = is; läyø = animal; thyewø = too. So, the whole sentence, "Dhaanhø ba läyø thyewø means "Human being is an animal too. REMEMBER: Articles "A" AN & "THE" are less valuable in Dhøg Cøllø. The most significant thing to recall when writing, reading, speaking or listening Dhøg Cøllø is that Nouns or Noun phrases end with "ø" Singular or stand alone words end with "ø" and "ki" or "wala" is used instead of Comma "," to join a group of words, sentences, phrases, etc; "geki" is also used as a last joining word or final clause. Some time "Ka" is used in place of "ki" at the beginning of sentence as a continuation of dialogues or long paragraph to avoid a run-on-sentences and comma splice sentences in Dhøg Cøllø. WHEN TRANSLATING OTHER LANGUAGES, FOR EXAMPLE ENGLISH INTO DHØG CØLLØ, WORD PER WORD COULD BE THE ONLY COURAGEOUS MEAN TO MAKE WHAT IT MEANS IN ENGLISH BECOMES EXACTLY WHAT IT MEANS IN DHØG CØLLØ.
Example:
Dhøg Cøllø: Ajagø ba jaldwøngø
English: Ajack is an elderly man.
Dhøg Cøllø: Cwøl yanø!
English: Call me!
Dhøg Cøllø: Telepönø ca ywøgg; tïng malø.
English:The Telephone is ringing; pick it up (pick up).
...
| Noun | Verb | Adjective | Adverb | Preposition | Determiner | Tenses |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unlike in other Sudanese written language(s), Noun always end with “ø” in a Chollo language (Dhøg Cøllø) | Like any single or stand alone word in Dhøg Cøllø, Verb in Dhøg Cøllø always end with “ø” – in any official written Dhøg Cøllø verbs. | “ø” is always omitted and the supported word is always ended with “ø” in Dhøg Cøllø. If the adjective stand alone as supporting word in Dhøg Cøllø, “ø” is always kept at the end of the adjectives, as in the examples below. | Like any word that support verb, noun or adjective and/or adjective in Dhøg Cøllø, “ø” is always omitted at the end of any supporting adverb as in words below. | Are words like “yijø” “ki” “ya” “wijø” “tøgø” “oledhø” … | Are words which end with or words like “-i“ “-e” “-a” “aca” “enø” “menø” “møgø” … | As in many written languages, Dhøg Cøllø has simple, continue, phrases, clauses, word clauses, participle, sentences etc. as in examples below. |
| e.g.: Palø, Okwölø, Nyikaayø, Winyø, Byëëlø, Malø, … | e.g.: Gwedø, Camø, Cyädhø, Jwanø, Kwøbø, Muulø, Madhø … e.g.: | Carø, Rajø, Døøjø, Caarø, Døj Carø, Myëërø, Dwøngø, Dwøngø ki Døjø, Raajø ki men dwøngø, kwaarø, loojø, marø, omïlø, ocoolø, nyacøllø, nganø, nyänø, cyägø, … | e.g.: 1) Cyäg ki namø 2). Ogødhi myëër carø ki men dwøngø. 3). Abängø ca kwinn ki kwin teegø. … | e.g.: Yij ødø, Dhøg kalø, Wij namø, Thäng kiirø, … | e.g.: ogødhi, mii, mee, thalle, bula, bule, kune, kun aca, kun cenee, … | e.g.: SIMPLE TENSE: In Dhøg Cøllø, simple sentence = Subject + Verb + Object.
Present: Acolø a gwedø wänyø. Past: Acolø a agwed wänyø. Future: Acolø ogwed wänyø. Sentence: A sentence in Dhøg Cøllø can always begin with a CAPITAL LETTER like other languages and a sentence has to be organized according to Dhøg Cøllø Words Orders. Example: Wïy Bølø nyi ca kedhdh be purr ki byell geki (Conjunction) dwarr ki läyy ki (Preposition) wagø ki wangnga abëëde e nuud ki käälø yi Jwøgø. Subjects or Noun phrases + Verbs or Verb phrases + Adverbial (adverbial phrases) + Objects (Objective phrase). In the example, Wïy Bølø (Subject/Noun phrase) + nyi ca kedhdh be purr (Verb/Verb phrase) + ki byell geki (Conjunction) dwarr ki läyy "ki" (Preposition) wagø ki wangnga abëëde (Adverbial/adverbial phrases) e nuud ki käälø yi Jwøgø (Object/Objective Phrase). |
Pronoun (Case 1), Pronoun (Case 2), Preposition, Conjunction and Gerund (Ca)
| Pronoun (Case 1) | Pronoun (Case 2) | Preposition | Conjunction | Gerund (Ca) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Persons:
Singular: ya Plural: wa 2nd Persons: Singular: yïnø, gïnø, gï Plural: wunø, gïgø (gïgg) 3rd Persons: Singular: enø, Plural: genø, ge |
1st Persons:
Singular: yanø Plural: wønø 2nd Persons: Singular: yïnø, gïnø, gï Plural: wunø, gïgø (gïgg) 3rd Persons: Singular: enø Plural: genø, ge |
yij, wïj, kell, ki, ya, tøg, gød, ya -, deng, oledh, bøl, kaam, yenga, yenge, twøng, …
Example: 1. Acølø ya kalø. 2. Abänø ya wij yadhø. 3. Dengø nuudø ki kallø. 4. Oyadhø bëëd a ki tøg namø. |
ki, ge, geki, ka, de, ke, wala, padh, o, …
Example: 1. Acolø geki Bølø. 2. Wïy Bolø ba jal purø (jalpurø) o ba jal mayø (jalmayø). 3. Akwølø ba ngandwøngø, de Acwänyø ba othinhø. |
ca cyädhdh, ca camm, ca thall, ca gwedd, ca ninn, ca tugg, ca nwayy, ca wörr, ca ngett, ca kwøbb …
Example: 1. Acolø ca gwedd. 2. Bolø ca rangng. 3. Wïy Bølø ca purr. |
| … |
Pronouns (Case 3), Possessives
| 1st Person | 2nd Persons | 3rd Persons | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Case 1: mia
Case 2: ria Case 3: gïnø, ri gïnø |
Case 1: mii
Case 2: rii Case 3: gïnø, ri gïnø |
Cas1: mee, mi gønø
Case 2: ri gønø Case 3: gïnø, ri gïnø |
| Plural | Case 1: møø wønø
Case 2: ri wønø Case 3: gïgg, ri gïgg |
Case 1: møø wunø
Case 2: ri wunø Case 3: gïgg, ri gïgg |
Case 1: møø genø/gïgg
Case 2: ri genø Case 3: gïgg, ri gïgg |
To Be and Participles
| To be (Plain Simple Present) | Present Perfect | Past Participle | Future Perfect |
|---|---|---|---|
| ya kedhø. | ya nyi kedhdh. | ya bëëd ya akedhdh. | ya ba men okedhdh. |
| ya jwanø. | ya nyi jwann. | ya bëëd ya ajwann. | ya ba men ojwann. |
| yï jwanø. | yï nyi jwann. | yï bëëd yï ajwann. | yï ba men ojwann. |
| ge/wø/wu/gïgg/gïn kedhø. | ge, wø, wu, gïgg/gïn nyi kedhdh. | Case1:
ge/wø/wu bëëd ge/wø/wu akedhdh. Case 2: gïgg/gïn bëëd a gïgg/gïn akedhdh. |
Case 1:
ge/wø/wu/gïgg/gïn ba møg ge/wø/wu/gïgg/gïn okedhdh. Case 2: ge/wø/wu/gïgg/gïn obëëd ga/wø/wu/gïgg/gïn okedhdh. |
| kedhu, kedha, kedhe, kedhi | nyi kedhu, nyi kedha, nyi kedhe, nyi kedhi | wu/wa/ge/a bëëd wu/wa/ge/e akedhdh | wu/wa/ge/a bëëd wu/wa/ge/e ba møg/men okedhdh |
Vowels
| Vowels: | a | ä | e | ë | i | ï | ø | ö | o | u |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phonetics: | ɑ "a" | ʌ "ä" | ɛ "e" | e "ë" | ɪ "i" | (ɪ),ɨ "ï" | ɔ "ø" | o "ö" | ɒ "o" | u, ʊ "u" |
| Monophthongs: | ɑgɑgø | älø | kelø | këlø | olidhø | olïdhdh | dhøgø | dhöngø | bolø | kulø |
| Monophthongs: | ɑː "aa" | ʌː "ää" | ɛː "ee" | e "ëë" | ɪː "ii" | (ɪ)ː, ɨː "ïï" | ɔː "øø" | oː | ɒː "oo" | uː, ʊː "uu" |
| Monophthongs: | abaalø | abʌːnø | akeelø | këëlø | kiilø | kïïlø | pøølø | pöörø | boorø | puudø |
| Diphthongs: | uɑ "wa" | uʌ "wä" | uɛ "we" | ue "wë" | yɪ, "i, y" | u(ɪ), uɨ "wï" | uɔ "wø" | uo "wöl" | uɒ "wo" | uʊ "uu" |
| Diphthongs: | akwalø | dwäyø | gwelø | kwëlø | wiyø, wi | twïy, twïyy | jaldwøngø | okwölø | bwongø | tuungø |
| Diphthongs: | aɪ "ay" | ʌɪ "äy" | ɛɪ "ey" | eɪ "ëy" | ɪy "i, y" | (ɪ)y, ɨy "ïy, ï" | ɔɪ "øy" | oɪ "öy" | ɒɪ "oy" | uɪ, ʊɪ "uy" |
| Diphthongs: | yayø | yäyø | ateyø | wëyø | wi, wiy wiyø | kwïyø, kwïy, kwï | bøyy | göyø | aboyø | yuyø |
|
etc. ... |
Consonants
| Dental | Velar | Labial | Palatal | Alveolar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | ny | ng | m | nh | n |
| Approximant | j, y | ||||
| Lateral | w | l | |||
| Rhotic | r | ||||
| Plosive | th, dh | g, k | b, p | c | t, d |
Tone, Writing and Reading Dhøg Cøllø
| Simple & Awkward (Dhøg Cøllø) Sentence | English (Awkward meaning) | Correction (Dhøg Cøllo) | English (meaning) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acolø athal yi akeelø. ... Completed sentence but it is awkward. | Ashol is cooked by akeelo (food). | Akeelø athal yi Acolø. | Akeelo is cooked by Ashol. |
| Bøyø ca lengng ki Colø. | The net is fishing with Shol. | Colø ca lengng ki bøyø.
Or Bøyø ca lengng yi Colø. |
Shol is fishing with the net.
Or The net is being used (for fishing) by Shol. |
In Dhøg Cøllø tone does make a great difference. Reading and speaking Dhøg Cøllø is as easy as tone can forecast and as simple as knowing idiom or slang of Dhøg Cøllø, but writing is as complicated as writing other languages. For example: Like many of today’s languages, tone in Dhøg Cøllø is based on who is directing it or who the tone is being directed to. It could be high, mid-high, mid, mid-low mid-fall, fall or low or it could be a change/exchange in vowel(s) or consonant(s) or direct of indirect speech.
Example:
1. pajø meni! = this city/town!
2. pajø meni. = this city/town.
3. pajø meni? = this city/town?
4. yïnø, yanø, mia, mii, ... = You, I, mine, yours, ...
Tone is very common in Cøllø folklore, poems, songs, and other Cøllø literature sources.
Old Dhɔ Cɔlɔ Alphabets
Dhɔ Cɔlɔ Alphabetical Order
| UPPER CASE | lowercase | Example |
|---|---|---|
| A | a | Akurɔ |
| Ä | ä | Älɔ |
| Ɛ | ɛ | Ɛrɔ |
| E | e | Edhi |
| I | i | Idhɔ |
| Ï | ï | Ïdhdhi |
| Ɔ | ɔ | Ɔdɔ |
| Ö | ö | Ölɔ |
| O | o | Olidhɔ |
| U | u | Unɔ (Nimi Unidhyangɔ) |
| W | w | Waŋɔ |
| Y | y | Yadhɔ |
| B | b | Bulɔ |
| C | c | Cäŋɔ |
| D | d | Dyɛlɔ |
| DH | dh | Dhyaŋɔ |
| G | g | Gaagɔ |
| J | j | Jaldwɔŋɔ |
| K | k | Kalɔ |
| L | l | Lɛɛlɔ |
| M | m | Majɔ |
| N | n | Namɔ |
| Ŋ | ŋ | Ŋu (Ŋuurɔ) |
| NH | nh | Nhuudhɔ |
| NY | ny | Nyaŋɔ |
| P | p | Päärɔ |
| R | r | Reejɔ |
| T | t | Tulɔ |
| TH | th | Thwölɔ |
Numerals: Numerical Systems
Adapted Dhøg Cøllø Numerical Systems
Chollo has adapted the numerals of Arabic, such as whole numbers or integers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...etc.
01, 02, 03, 05,05, 001, 002, 003, 004, 005, ... negative numbers such as ... −3, −2, −1, ...etc.
Bugønø(0), Akyelø (1), Aryewø (2), Adägø (3), Angwenø (4), Abïjø (5)
Years: '80, 1980 (alïbø ki miyy abïngwenø ki pyärr abïdägø); '00, 2000 (alïbb aryewø); '99, 1999 (alïbø ki miyy abïngwenø ki pyärr abïngwenø ki abïngwenø); 2011 [Alïbb aryewø ki (wädhdh genø da) pyäärø wïje (wïj gønø) da akyelø], ... etc.
Old Dhøg Cøllø Numerical Symbols
| 0 | Bugɔnɔ | 0 | Zero |
| I | Akyɛlɔ | 1 | One |
| II | Aryɛwɔ | 2 | Two |
| III | Adägɔ | 3 | Three |
| IV | Aŋwɛnɔ | 4 | Four |
| V | Abïjɔ | 5 | Five |
| VI | Abïkyɛlɔ | 6 | Six |
| VII | Abïryɛwɔ | 7 | Seven |
| VIII | Abïdägɔ | 8 | Eight |
| IV | Abïŋwɛnɔ | 9 | Nine |
| X | Pyärɔ | 10 | Ten |
| XI | Pyärɔ wïj da akyɛlɔ | 11 | Eleven |
| XII | Pyärɔ wïj da aryɛwɔ | 12 | Twelve |
| XIII | Pyärɔ wïjɛ da Adägɔ | 13 | Thirteen |
| XIV | Pyärɔ wïjɛ da aŋwɛnɔ | 14 | Fourteen |
| XV | Pyärɔ wïjɛ da abïjɔ | 15 | Fifteen |
| XVI | Pyärɔ wïj da abïkyɛlɔ | 16 | Sixteen |
| XVII | Pyärɔ wïj da abïryɛwɔ | 17 | Seventeen |
| XVII | Pyärɔ wïj da abïdägɔ | 18 | Eighteen |
| XIX | Pyärɔ wïj da abïgwɛnɔ | 19 | Nineteen |
| XX | Pyärri aryɛwɔ | 20 | Twenty |
| Г | Pyärri Abïjɔ | 50 | |
| XØIV | Pyärri abïŋwɛn wädhi gɛn da abïŋwɛnɔ | 99 | ninety nine |
| Ø | Miyɔ | 100 | |
| ØØ | Miy Aryɛwɔ | 200 | |
| ØØØ | Miy Adägɔ | 300 | |
| ØZ | Miy Aŋwɛnɔ | 400 | |
| Z | Miy abïjɔ | 500 | |
| S | Alïbɔ | 1,000 | |
| SS | Alïb aryɛwɔ | 2,000 | |
| SSXIV | Alïb aryɛw ki pyär wädhi gɛn da akyɛlɔ | 2,014 | |
| SSS | Alïb adägɔ | 3,000 | |
| SΛ | Alïb aŋwɛnɔ | 4,000 | |
| Λ | Alïb abïjɔ | 5,000 | |
| S¢ØSXØIV | Alïb abïŋwɛn ki miy abïŋwɛn ki pyärri abïŋwɛn wädhi gɛn da abïŋwɛnɔ | 9,999 | |
| ¢ | Alïb pyärɔ | 10,000 | |
| ЖH | Alïb pyärri abïŋwɛnɔ | 90,000 | |
| H | Alïb miyɔ | 100,000 | |
| SЮ | Alïb miy abïŋwɛnɔ | 900,000 | |
| SЮØS | Alïb miy abïŋwɛn wädhi gɛn da miy abïŋwɛnɔ | 900,900 | |
References
- ↑ Shilluk (Chollo) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Shilluk". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ "Chollo (Dhøg Cøllø)". openroad.net.au. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
| Official language | |
|---|---|
| Indigenous languages | |
