Morton Peto

Sir Samuel Morton Peto, 1st Baronet (4 August 1809 – 13 November 1889) was an English entrepreneur, civil engineer and railway developer, and, for more than 20 years, a Member of Parliament. A partner in the firm of Grissell and Peto, he managed construction firms that built many major buildings and monuments in London, including The Reform Club, The Lyceum, Nelson's Column and the new Houses of Parliament; which made him a millionaire.^[1] As a partner in Peto and Betts, he then became one of the major contractors in the building of the rapidly expanding railways of the time.

Early life

Samuel Morton Peto, normally called Morton Peto, was born on 4 August 1809, in Woking, Surrey. As a youth, he was apprenticed as a bricklayer to his uncle Henry Peto, who ran a building firm in London.

Career

When his uncle died in 1830, Peto and his older cousin, Thomas Grissell (who had been a partner to his uncle for five years), went into partnership. The firm of Grissell and Peto (1830–1847) built many well-known buildings in London, including the Reform Club, the Oxford & Cambridge Club, the Lyceum, St James's Theatre and Hungerford Market at Charing Cross. In addition, they built Nelson's Column (1843) and the vast infrastructure project of the London brick sewer.

Another project, in 1848, was the Bloomsbury Baptist Chapel, the first Baptist church with spires in London. Tradition has it that the Crown Commissioner was reluctant to lease the land to nonconformists because of their "dull, spire-less architecture". Peto is said to have exclaimed, "A spire, my Lord? We shall have two!" The church had twin spires until 1951, when they were removed as unsafe.^[2]

Railway works

In 1834 Peto saw the potential of the newly developing railways and dissolved the connection with his uncle's building firm. He and his cousin Grissell founded a business as an independent railway contractor. His firm's first railway work was to build two stations in Curzon Street, Birmingham. Next the firm built its first line of track, the Hanwell and Langley section of the Great Western Railway, which included the Wharncliffe Viaduct.^[3]

Grissell became increasingly nervous of the risks taken by Peto, and in 1846 dissolved the partnership.^[4]

Peto and Betts

In 1848 Peto and Edward Betts (who had married Peto's sister Ann) entered into a formal partnership and together they were to work on a large number of railway contracts. Frequently, they also working in partnership with Thomas Brassey.

In 1854 during the Crimean War Peto, Betts and Brassey constructed the Grand Crimean Central Railway between Balaklava and Sevastopol to transport supplies to the troops at the front line.^[5]

In February 1855 the British government recognised Peto for his wartime services; he was made Baronet of Somerleyton Hall in the County of Suffolk.^[6] King Frederick VII of Denmark honoured Peto for establishing the Flensburg–Husum–Tönning Railway Company and its construction of railways in the Duchy of Schleswig, which led to a growing export/import trade with the port of Lowestoft.

The Peto and Betts partnership became insolvent in 1866 due to a combination of the failure of the bank, Overend, Gurney and Company, and their involvement in the failure of the London Chatham and Dover Railway.

Other activities

In 1844, Peto bought Somerleyton Hall in Suffolk. He rebuilt the hall with contemporary amenities, as well as constructing a school and more houses in the village. He next built similar projects in Lowestoft. For many years he was the largest employer of labour in the entire world.^[7]

In 1846, Peto became co-treasurer of the Baptist Missionary Society. From 1855 to March 1867, he was sole treasurer, resigning after personal financial difficulties.^[8]

Peto served for two decades as a Member of Parliament. He was elected a Liberal Member for Norwich in 1847 to 1854, for Finsbury from 1859 to 1865, and for Bristol from 1865 to 1868. During this time he was one of the most prominent figures in public life. He helped to make a guarantee towards the financing of The Great Exhibition of 1851, backing Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace.^[9]

After his involvement with the insolvency of the London, Chatham and Dover Railway in 1866, and the failure of the Peto and Betts partnership, Peto's personal reputation as a trustworthy businessman was badly damaged and never fully recovered.

In 1868, he had to give up his seat in Parliament, despite having the support of both Benjamin Disraeli and William Ewart Gladstone. He exiled himself to Budapest and tried to promote railways in Russia and Hungary.

When he returned, he tried to launch a small mineral railway in Cornwall. This failed. Peto died in obscurity in 1889.^[10]

Legacy

The bust of Peto in Norwich Station (2010)

An extremely unfavourable portrait of Peto is included in the Appendix to George Borrow's Romany Rye, where he is described as "Mr. Flamson". When Peto promoted the Lowestoft Railway and Harbour Company in the 1840s, the railway split Borrow's estate at Oulton Broad, just outside Lowestoft. Borrow deeply resented this and bore a grudge against Peto thereafter.^[11]

Peto is commemorated by a portrait bust at Norwich railway station by John Pooler.^[12] Morton Peto Road, a road in Great Yarmouth, was named after him.

In Ashford, Kent, Samuel Peto Way is a residential road built upon the old Newtown Railway Works site and was named in his honour.

A portrait of Peto hangs outside the Library at Regent's Park College, Oxford, in commemoration of his connection with the college.

Family

In May 1831 Peto married Mary Grissell, one of the sisters of his later partner, Thomas Grissell. They had four children before Mary's death in 1842:^[13]

1. Henry (1840–1938) who succeeded as the 2nd baronet on 1899
2. Annie
3. Sophia
4. Mary, who married Penruddocke Wyndham, a grandson of Colonel Wadham Wyndham, in 1852 and had two daughters.

Peto then married Sarah Ainsworth Kelsall, the daughter of Henry Kelsall of Rochdale. Peto and Sarah had many children. Of these:

1. Morton Kelsall (b. 1845)
2. William Herbert (b. 1849)
3. Samuel Arthur (b. 1852)
4. Harold Ainsworth (1854–1933), the celebrated landscape architect. (Source: Mowl, Timothy Historic Gardens of Wiltshire, London: Tempus Publishing, 2004.)
5. Frank Kelsall (b. 1858)
6. Basil Edward Peto (1862–1945), created a baronet in his own right in 1927. His grandson Christopher Peto, 3rd Bt. was a Conservative politician. (Source: 107th edition of Burke, Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, London: 2004).
7. Sarah
8. Maude
9. Edith
10. Emily
11. Helen Agnes, who married Lawrence Ingham Baker, son of the former Liberal MP for Frome; he was a magistrate of Somerset. They lived at Wayford Manor House at Wayford, near Crewkerne, Somerset.

Notes

References

• Brooks, Edward C. Sir Samuel Morton Peto Bt: eminent Victorian, railway entrepreneur, country squire, MP, Bury Clerical Society, 1996 ISBN 978-0-9502988-4-9
• Cooke, Brian. The Grand Crimean Central Railway, Knutsford: Cavalier House, 1990 ISBN 0-9515889-0-7
• Cox, John G. Samuel Morton Peto; the achievements and failings of a great railway developer, The Railway and Canal Historical Society, 2008, ISBN 978-0-901461-56-8
• Faith, Nicholas. The world the railways made, London: The Bodley Head, 1990 ISBN 0-370-31299-6
• Helps, Arthur. The Life and Works of Mr Brassey, 1872 republished Nonsuch, 2006 ISBN 1-84588-011-0
• Joby, R S. The Railway Builders: Lives and Works of the Victorian Railway Contractors, David & Charles, Newton Abbot, 1983, ISBN 0-7153-7959-3
• Stacey, Tom. Thomas Brassey: The Greatest Railway Builder in the World, Stacey International, London, 2005, ISBN 1-905299-09-5
• Sparkes, Douglas C., Hitting the buffers, Samuel Morton Peto, 1809–1889, railway builder extraordinaire, Didcot: Baptist Historical Society, 2013, ISBN 978-0-903166-41-6

External links

• Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Samuel Morton Peto

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