Royal Copenhagen

Royal Copenhagen

Type	Porcelain Manufacturer
Founded	1 May 1775
Headquarters	Denmark, Copenhagen
Parent	Fiskars
Website	Royal Copenhagen

Royal Copenhagen, officially the Royal Porcelain Factory (Danish: Den Kongelige Porcelænsfabrik), is a manufacturer of porcelain products and was founded in Copenhagen 1 May 1775 under the protection of Queen Juliane Marie. It is recognized by its factory mark, the three wavy lines above each other, symbolizing Denmark’s three straits: Øresund, the Great Belt and the Little Belt.^[1]

Early years

Royal Porcelain manufactory on Købmagergade in Copenhagen (19th century)

Starting in the 17th century, Europeans were fascinated by the blue and white and white porcelain exported from China during the Ming and Qing dynasties,.^[2]

The Royal Copenhagen manufactory operations began in a converted post office in 1775. It was founded by a chemist, Frantz Heinrich Müller, who was given a 50-year monopoly to create porcelain. The first pieces manufactured were dining services for the royal family.^[3] When, in 1779, King Christian VII assumed financial responsibility, the manufactory was styled the Royal Porcelain Factory. In 1790, Royal Copenhagen brought out its now famous Flora Danica ‘Blue Fluted’ dinner service, with gilded edge and Danish flora motifs,^[4] and Royal Copenhagen held a monopoly on the "Blue Fluted" name.^[5]

By 1851, Royal Copenhagen qualified for the World Expo in London. In 1868, as a result of royal companies' privatization, the Royal Porcelain Factory came into private hands. It was purchased by the faience factory Aluminia in 1882. Shortly after Aluminia's acquisition, Royal Copenhagen production was moved to a modern factory building at Aluminia’s site in Frederiksberg, on the outskirts of Copenhagen. By 1889, Royal Copenhagen qualified for the World Expo in Paris, winning the Grand Prix, giving it international exposure.

Current company

In recent years, Royal Copenhagen acquired Georg Jensen in 1972, incorporated with Holmegaard Glass Factory in 1985, and finally Bing & Grøndahl in 1987. Royal Copenhagen was a part of a group of Scandinavian companies, Royal Scandinavia, together with Georg Jensen, and was owned by the Danish private equity fund, Axcel. Following Axcel's acquisition of Royal Scandinavia, Holmegaard Glasværk was sold in a MBO and a controlling interest in the Swedish glass works Orrefors Kosta Boda was sold to New Wave Group.

In December 2012 Axcel sold Royal Copenhagen to the Finnish listed company Fiskars, which was founded in 1649.^[6]

The company now produces its products in Thailand.^[7][8][9]

Patterns (original manufacturer in parentheses)

Seagull dinnerware, designed by Fanny Garde of Bing & Grøndahl in 1895

"Blue Fluted" pattern dinner service

Most famous

• Flora Danica, Blue Fluted (in Danish: Musselmalet), Blue Flower, Henriette, Saxon Flower, Fan, Gemina, and Gemma (Royal Copenhagen)
• Empire, Offenbach, Butterfly and Seagull (Bing & Grøndahl)
• Tranquebar and Blue Line (Aluminia).

New

• Black Mega, Palmette, White Plain, White Half Lace, White Full Lace, Blue Flower Curved and Plain, White Pot, Blue Line, the new Christmas service Star Fluted, and Ole.^[10]

Discontinued

• Blue Flower, Gemina, Gemma, Jingle Bells, and Julian Marie (Royal Copenhagen)
• Seagull, Blue Henning Koppel, White Henning Koppel, Tema, Mexico (Bing & Grøndahl)

Collectables

• Royal Copenhagen 2010 plaquettes: Numbered and named cobalt blue decorated plates depicted a variety of scenes, holidays, years, and occasions. Most commonly round, they measured about 8 cm (3-1/4") in diameter, with a blue scene on white background.
• Larger, approximately 18.5 cm, blue on white cobalt blue decorated plates, created annually for Mother's Day, the Olympics and other commemorations. Some weren't annual issues, instead depicted scenes. In 1895, Royal Copenhagen began producing annual Christmas plates, and continue to do so.^[11]
• Porcelein pipes, beginning in 1969 and manufactured for about 15 years.

Christmas plates

The tradition of Christmas plates started hundreds of years ago in Europe, when wealthy people presented their servants with cakes and sweets, served on decorative plates of wood or metal at Christmas time. The servants referred to these gifts as their Christmas Plate. In 1895 Bing & Grøndahl produced the first Christmas plate made from porcelain, with the date inscribed, and has made one each year since. In 1908 the Royal Copenhagen factory followed suit. Each year these plates are made in limited quantities and have been collectable for over 100 years. Each plate is made in the year of issue only, after which the mould is destroyed, and the design is never made again.^[12]

The themes since 1908 are:^[13]

Further reading

• Bojesen, Benedicte, and Steen Nottelmann. Royal Copenhagen Art, Industry. Lyngby: Sophienholm, 1996. ISBN 87-87883-57-0
• Christoffersen, Lars. Christmas Plates & Other Commemoratives from Royal Copenhagen and Bing & Grøndahl. A Schiffer book for collectors. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Pub, 2004. ISBN 0-7643-2089-0 Table of contents
• Heritage, Robert J. Royal Copenhagen Porcelain Animals and Figurines. A Schiffer book for collectors. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Pub, 1997. ISBN 0-7643-0101-2
• Kongelige Porcelainsfabrik, Bredo L. Grandjean, Dyveke Helsted, and Merete Bodelsen. The Royal Copenhagen Porcelain Manufactory 1775-1975. Copenhagen: The Manufactory, [eksp., Amagertorv 6], 1975. ISBN 87-980342-1-9
• Pope, Caroline, and Nick Pope. A Collector's Guide to Royal Copenhagen Porcelain. A Schiffer book for collectors. Atglen, PA: Schiffer, 2001. ISBN 0-7643-1386-X
• Wagner, Peter, Steen Nottelmann, Finn Andersen, and Paul Nesbitt. Flora Danica. Edinburgh: Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, 1994. ISBN 0-9523869-0-9
• Winstone, H. V. F. Royal Copenhagen. [London]: Stacey International, 1984. ISBN 0-905743-37-7

See also

• Porcelain manufacturing companies in Europe

References

External links

Media related to Royal Copenhagen at Wikimedia Commons

• Royal Copenhagen official website
• Encyclopædia Britannica

Porcelain
China	General: Chinese porcelain Chinese export porcelain Chinese influences on Islamic pottery Types: Proto-celadon (16th century BCE) Celadon (1st century) Yue (2nd century) Ding (10th century) Qingbai (12th century) Jingdezhen (11th century on) Blue and white (14th century on) Blanc de Chine (14th century on) Kraak (16th century) Swatow (16th century) Tianqi (17th century) Kangxi (17th century) Famille jaune, noire, rose, verte (17th century) Canton (18th century)
Korea	General: Korean porcelain Types: Goryeo (10th century) Joseon (14th century)
Japan	General: Japanese porcelain Types: Arita Imari Nabeshima Kakiemon Kutani
Europe	General: French porcelain Chinese porcelain in European painting Armorial ware Types: Fonthill Vase (1338) Royal Tichelaar (1572) Medici (1575) Rouen (1673) Nevers Saint-Cloud (1693) Meissen (1710) Rörstrand (1726) Chantilly (1730) Doccia (1735) Vincennes (1740) Chelsea (1743) Capodimonte (1743) Oranienbaum (1744) Mennecy (1745) Bow (1747) Nymphenburg Porcelain Manufactory (1747) Plymouth (1748) Worcester (1751) Frankenthal Porcelain Factory (1755) Sèvres (1756) Derby (1757) Weesp Porselein (1759) Wedgwood (1759) Wallendorf (1764) Etiolles (1770) Limoges (1771) Loosdrechts Porselein (1774) Royal Copenhagen (1775) Clignancourt (1775) Revol (1789) Herend Porcelain Manufactory (1826) Bing & Grøndahl (1853) Zsolnay (1853) Wagner & Apel Porzellan (1877) Porsgrund (1885)
Technologies	Soft-paste porcelain Hard-paste porcelain Bone china Overglaze decoration China painting Factory mark
People	chinamen Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus Johann Friedrich Böttger François Xavier d'Entrecolles Dmitry Vinogradov
Collections	British Museum (London): Asia Department / Percival David Foundation The David Collection (Copenhagen) Dresden Porcelain Collection Gardiner Museum (Toronto) Kuskovo State Museum of Ceramics (Moscow) Sèvres – Cité de la céramique (Paris) Musée des Arts Décoratifs (Paris) Palace Museum (Beijing) Topkapı Palace (Istanbul) Victoria and Albert Museum (London) Museum of Royal Worcester Walters Art Museum (Baltimore)