Vlachs in Bulgaria

Ethnic map of the Balkans prior to the First Balkan War by Paul Vidal de la Blache.
Ethnic map of Bulgaria according to the census results from 1892 (Blue denotes regions with a Romanian minority)

Vlachs (Bulgarian: власи/vlasi, autonymed Rumâni; Romanian: români, rumâni), are a community concentrated in the Vidin Province in the northwestern part of Bulgaria. Most of this people declare themselves vlasi (Vlachs) when asked in Bulgarian (e.g. on the census). The Vlachs in Bulgaria are not recognized as a national minority, but as an ethnic group and they don't enjoy ethnic rights in schools and churches since the Interwar period.

The Romance-speaking community in Bulgaria (the vlasi) are roughly divided into the "White Vlachs" of Vidin and "Kutzo-Vlachs" of the Rhodopes. A part of the Vidin Vlachs is identified as Romanians, however, the Bulgarian state identifies them as Vlachs and not Romanians.[1]

History

Vlachs were identified as a separate entity during the 11th century, and their history during the Migration Period is a matter of scholarly speculations.[2] According to one theory, the Vlachs originated from romanised local Balkan tribes,[3] and their Eastern Romance language prove the survival of the latinised Thraco-Roman population in the lower Danube basin. The Vlachs came later into close contacts with sedentary Slavic-speaking communities and adopted Old Church Slavonic liturgy in the First Bulgarian Empire. The Second Bulgarian Empire established during 12th century was called also Vlach-Bulgarian kingdom. In Ottoman times, Eastern Orthodox Christians, were subsumed into the wider ethno-religious group called Rum millet. A distinct Vlach consciousness was not developed until the 19th century, and was influenced by the rise of Romanian national movement. As a result, wealthy, urbanized Vlachs were culturally hellenised during 17-18th century and bulgarised during the 19th. Some Gypsy people, which spoke Vlax Romani language, crossed the Danube during Ottoman era, because of the slavery in Vallachia and Moldova. Most of the slaves there were of Roma (Gypsy) ethnicity.[4] There were ca. 50,000 Vlachs in Bulgaria at the end of the 19th. century. At the beginning of the 20th century, a process of Romanian self-identification began in the community of Bulgarian Vlachs.[5] There is no remaining community in the Dobrogea, which Romania colonized with Vlachs when it held that region briefly between the tho World wars. Vigorous assimilation occurred in the area, especially after the Second World War, and today only small groups identify themselves as Vlach or Romanian in Bulgaria.

The Vlach people in northeastern Bulgaria are referred by Romanian researchers as "Romanians".[6] The Vlachs from the Vidin Province are separated into 2 main groups: the "Dunăreni" (who live around the Danube river) and the "Pădureni" (who lived in the higher placed regions with many woods). They speak the Oltenian variety of the Romanian language. In southwestern Bulgaria lives also a very small Aromanian population, such as in the village Peshtera.[7] Part of the people, that self-declare as Vlachs, are in fact Romani people, which speak a Vlax Romani dialects.[8] In 1991, an Association of the Vlachs in Bulgaria was founded. In 2011 census 3,684 people declared themselves as Vlachs, and 891 as Romanians.

Census figures

 
Year		 Vlachs Romanians
1881 49,063[9]a  
2001 10,566 b 1,088
2011 3,684 [10] 891

^a This number shows those who identified their native language as Vlach; the 1881 census did not have a question about ethnicity.
^b The 2001 census recorded 10,566 Vlachs, most of whom are Daco-Romanian-speakers, but the figure includes some Aromanian-speakers as well.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Poulton 1998, p. 26.
  2. ↑ Schramm, Gottfried (1997). Ein Damm bricht. Die römische Donaugrenze und die Invasionen des 5-7. Jahrhunderts in Lichte der Namen und Wörter [A Dam Breaks: The Roman Danube frontier and the Invasions of the 5th-7th Centuries in the Light of Names and Words] (in German). R. Oldenbourg Verlag. ISBN 3-486-56262-2, pp. 336-337.
  3. ↑ Fine, John V. A (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4, p. 9.
  4. ↑ Sam Beck, "The Origins of Gypsy Slavery in Romania", in Dialectical Anthropology, Volume 14, Number 1 / March, 1989, Springer, p. 53-61.
  5. ↑ The Wallachian Problem in Bulgaria between the Two World Wars: Political Factors and Aspects, Author: Blagovest Nyagulov, Journal: Bulgarian ethnology, 1995, Issue No: 5, Page Range: 52-75, Language: Bulgarian.
  6. ↑ Boldur Alexandru, Istoria Basarabiei, Editura Frunza, Bucuresti, 1990, p 95
  7. ↑ Aromanians
  8. ↑ The Bulgarian Gypsies – Searching their Place in the Society, Elena Marušiakova et Veselin Popov, Balkanology Magazine, Vol. IV, № 2, 2000.
  9. ↑ General results of the population census of 1 January 1881, Statistics of the Principality of Bulgaria, p.11 (Bulgarian) (French)
  10. ↑ Census Bulgaria 2011

Sources

External links

in Romanian

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