"Rivers of Babylon" is a Rastafarian song written and recorded by Brent Dowe and Trevor McNaughton of the Jamaican reggae group The Melodians in 1970. The lyrics are adapted from the texts of Psalms 19 and 137 in the Hebrew Bible. The Melodians' original version of the song appeared in the soundtrack album of the 1972 movie The Harder They Come, making it internationally known.
The song was popularized in Europe by the 1978 Boney M. cover version, which was awarded a platinum disc and is one of the top ten all-time best-selling singles in the UK. The B-side of the single, "Brown Girl in the Ring", also became a hit.
Background
Biblical psalms
The song is based on the Biblical Psalm 137:1-4, a hymn expressing the lamentations of the Jewish people in exile following the Babylonian conquest of Jerusalem in 586 BC:[1] Previously the Kingdom of Israel, after being united under Kings David and Solomon, was split in two, with the Kingdom Of Israel in the north, conquered by the Assyrians in 722 BC which caused the dispersion of 10 of the 12 tribes of Israel. The southern Kingdom of Judah (hence the name Jews), home of the tribe of Judah and part of the Tribe of Levi, was free from foreign domination until the Babylonian conquest to which Rivers Of Babylon refers.
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By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down, yea, we wept, when we remembered Zion... They carried us away in captivity requiring of us a song... Now how shall we sing the LORD's song in a strange land? |
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The namesake rivers of Babylon are the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The song also has words from Psalm 19:14:[2]
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Let the words of my mouth, and the meditation of my heart, be acceptable in thy sight... |
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It is one of a few pop songs whose lyrics come directly from the Bible (See also "Turn! Turn! Turn!" by Pete Seeger, "40" by U2, and "The Lord's Prayer" by Sister Janet Mead). The melody bears a strong resemblance to "How Dry I Am".
Rastafari
In the Rastafarian faith, the term "Babylon" is used for any governmental system which is either oppressive or unjust. In Jamaica, Rastafarians also use "Babylon" to refer to the police, often seen as a source of oppression because they arrest members for the use of marijuana (which is sacramental for Rastafarians). Therefore, "By the rivers of Babylon" refers to living in a repressive society and the longing for freedom, just like the Israelites in captivity. Rastafarians also identify themselves as belonging to the Twelve Tribes of Israel. The original version specifically refers to Rastafarian belief in Haile Selassie, by changing references to "the Lord" in the Biblical text to "Far-I" and "King Alpha". Both terms refer to Selassie (Selassie's wife Menen Asfaw is known as Queen Omega).[3] In addition, the term "the wicked" replaces the neutral "they" of Psalm 137 in the line "they that carried us away captive required of us a song...".[4] According to David Stowe,
Brent Dowe, the lead singer of the Melodians, told Kenneth Bilby that he had adapted Psalm 137 to the new reggae style because he wanted to increase the public's consciousness of the growing Rastafarian movement and its calls for black liberation and social justice. Like the Afro-Protestant Revival services, traditional Rastafarian worship often included psalm singing and hymn singing, and Rastas typically modified the words to fit their own spiritual conceptions; Psalm 137 was among their sacred chants.[4]
Melodians version
After its release in 1970, the song quickly became well known in Jamaica. According to Brent Dowe, the song was initially banned by the Jamaican government because "its overt Rastafarian references ('King Alpha' and 'O Far-I') were considered subversive and potentially inflammatory".[4] Leslie Kong, the group's producer, attacked the government for banning a song with words taken almost entirely from the Bible, stating that the Psalms had been "sung by Jamaican Christians since time immemorial".[4] The government lifted the ban. After that it took only three weeks to become a number one hit in the Jamaican charts.[4]
It reached an international audience thanks to the soundtrack album of the 1972 film The Harder They Come, which is credited with having "brought Reggae to the world".[5] The song was later used in the 1999 Nicolas Cage movie Bringing Out the Dead and the 2010 Philip Seymour Hoffman film Jack Goes Boating.
An early reggae classic, "Rivers of Babylon" was remixed in 1970 in typical Jamaican dub fashion. One variation of the recording became "Sound of Babylon", another reggae classic featuring DJ/rapper Samuel The First, one of the Jamaican deejays who pioneered rap as early as the 1950s. "Sound of Babylon" includes several samples of the Melodians' original vocal as well as overdubbed mystical Rastafarian comments by Samuel The First. His version can be found on the 1988 CD Jamaican Deejay Music 1969-1973 - Keep on Coming Through the Door… (Trojan CDTRL255).
Boney M. version
"Rivers of Babylon" was covered in 1978 by Germany-based disco band Boney M., with a version that was released as a single. Boney M.'s release stayed at the no. 1 position in the UK for five weeks and was also the group's only significant US chart entry, peaking at no. 30 in the Pop charts. Boney M.'s version of the song remains one of the top ten all-time best-selling singles in the UK, where it is one of only seven songs to have sold over 2 million copies.[6] In Canada, the song was a Top 25 hit on the RPM magazine top 100 singles chart and reached no. 9 on the Adult Contemporary chart. The song was the first single from the band's equally successful 1978 album Nightflight to Venus. Some controversy arose when the first single pressings only credited Frank Farian and Reyam (aka Hans-Jörg Mayer) of Boney M; after an agreement with Dowe and McNaughton, these two were also credited on later pressings.
The Rastafarian language was excised from the Boney M. version of the lyrics. They did perform an early mix of the song in a German TV show singing "How can we sing King Alpha's song", as in the Melodians version, although it was changed to "the Lord's song", restoring the original biblical words, in the released versions.[3] To fit the meter, "O Far-I" became "here tonight" rather than the Biblical original "O Lord".
Different versions
Just as in the case of "Ma Baker", "Rivers of Babylon" established what was to become a habit of Boney M. singles, namely that the original pressings featured an early version that was soon replaced by a more widely available mix.
The initial single mix of "Rivers of Babylon" is most notable for lead singer Liz Mitchell's ad-libs (Dark tears of Babylon, you got to sing a song, sing a song of love, yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah) between the two verses. On subsequent single pressings, only the 'yeah's were maintained. The full ad-libs however re-emerged in the US-only 12" version.
The single mix differs from the album version by having Liz Mitchell singing the verse "Let the words of our mouth ..." with Frank Farian, on the LP, Farian sings this as a solo part; it is also slightly shorter, the instrumental passage before the last "humming" part is edited out, and the fade out is a little longer ("Oooooh of the power... yeah yeah yeah yeah" can only be heard in the single mix).
"Brown Girl in the Ring"
The single's B-side "Brown Girl in the Ring" was a traditional Caribbean nursery rhyme. When "Rivers of Babylon" had slipped to no. 20 in the UK charts, radio stations suddenly flipped the single, seeing "Brown Girl in the Ring" going all the way to no. 2 and becoming a hit in its own right. The early single pressing features the full-length 4:18 version with a chorus bit being edited out. The single mix is also slightly different from the album version which features steel drums on the outro riff of the song, the single mix doesn't.
"Brown Girl in the Ring" was also issued separately in Canada as an A-side in the summer of 1979. It reached no. 8 on the Canadian AC chart in July 1979, becoming the third Boney M song to reach the top 10 on that chart, after "Rivers of Babylon" and "Rasputin". On RPM's Top 100 singles chart, the song stalled at no. 79.
Liz Mitchell had previously recorded "Brown Girl in the Ring" in 1975 with the group Malcolm's Locks, her ex-boy friend Malcolm Magaron as the lead singer and arranger Peter Herbolzheimer accused Frank Farian for stealing his arrangement for the song.[7] The court case ran for more than 20 years in Germany.
Charts and certifications
Weekly charts
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Year-end charts
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Sales and certifications
Chart successions
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
1988 Remix
"Rivers of Babylon" / "Mary's Boy Child" / "Oh My Lord" is a 1988 remix single, issued to launch the group's reunion, having been split since their 10th anniversary, 1986. The double-A-side single contained new mixes of the band's two most successful single releases ever. Although their remix album sold well, the single failed to chart.
Parody
The song was parodied by The Barron Knights in their UK comedy hit "A Taste Of Aggro" (1978), in which the lyrics are changed to "There's a dentist in Birmingham, he fixed my crown / And as I slept, he filled my mouth with iron". The song was their biggest hit, reaching number 3 in the UK charts.[44]
Other recorded versions
Other popular versions have been performed by Dennis Brown, Snuff, Steve Earle, Daniel O'Donnell, Yabby You, Sweet Honey in the Rock, Linda Ronstadt and the Skatalites.
The Unitarian Universalist Association has included the song in their supplemental hymnal Singing the Journey (Hymn #1042).[45]
In 1978, Brazilian-Paraguayan singer Perla recorded a version of the song with lyrics in Portuguese entitled "Rios da Babilônia", which reached great popularity in Brazil and Latin America.
On 19 November 1978, a cover version with lyrics in Swedish, "Kommer du ihåg Babylon?" ("Do you remember Babylon?"), performed by Swedish dansband Schytts[46] entered the first place on Svensktoppen.[47] where it stayed for 10 weeks up to 14 January 1979.[48]
Canadian Christian rock band The Kry covered this song on their 1996 album What About Now (although the song was entitled "By the Rivers of Babylon").
In 1992 the Croatian group Vatrogasci (Firefighters) made a parody of this song, translating it into Croatian (naming it "Joj što volim") and making it into a turbo-folk arrangement.
Pop group Brotherhood of Man recorded a version for their Sing 20 Number One Hits album in 1980.
The Neville Brothers has a version of the song on their Walkin' in the Shadow of Life CD released on 19 October 2004 on the Chordant label.
Jorma Kaukonen recorded a version of the song for his 2007 album Stars In My Crown.
Sinéad O'Connor also recorded it for her 2007 album, Theology.
Polish Christian rock group 2Tm2,3 performed an acoustic version of "Rivers of Babylon" based on the Boney M recording.
A somewhat different, but still recognisable as the same song, version appeared on Don McLean's 1972 LP American Pie, entitled just 'Babylon'.
The song was also covered in 1992 by Sublime on their album 40oz. to Freedom.
Macedonian band Anastasia recorded a version of this song in Old Slavic language for their album Melourgia in 1997.
Catalan musician Quimi Portet, former member of the Spanish rock band El Último de la Fila, also composed a version called "Rius de Babylon". The lyrics are translated into the Catalan language. In the song's video the musician performs a sort of Tai Chi dance in a screen divided in two parts with subtitles in the Basque language.[49]
In popular culture
On 30 September 1979, "Rivers of Babylon" was sung by an estimated crowd of 280,000 people attending the papal visit of John Paul II in Galway near Limerick, Ireland.[50][51]
The song appears in Bravo Two Zero, which was based on Andy McNab's best-selling novel, in a scene before McNab's 8-man SAS patrol carried out its ill-fated mission.
The song "Rivers of Babylon" features prominently in the 2009 Kazakh film Tulpan.[52] It is also played as background music in the 2009 film Frequently Asked Questions About Time Travel.[53] Also, it is used in the 2010 movie Jack Goes Boating, in the opening scene and a couple of other important scenes.
The song appears as part of the soundtrack in the 2009 video game Rabbids Go Home.
See also
References
- ↑ "Psalms 137. The Holy Bible: King James Version". Bartleby.com. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
- ↑ "Psalms 19. The Holy Bible: King James Version". Bartleby.com. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
- 1 2 Murrell, Nathaniel Samuel (2000). "Tuning Hebrew Psalms to Reggae Rhythms: Rastas' Revolutionary Lamentations for Social Change". CrossCurrents.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Stowe, David W. (Spring 2012). "Babylon Revisited: Psalm 137 as American Protest Song". Black Music Research Journal. 32 (1): 95 and 2008.
- ↑ McLellan, Dennis (12 January 2006). "Perry Henzell, 70; his movie `The Harder They Come' brought reggae to the world". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
- 1 2 Lane, Daniel (27 June 2013). "Daft Punk's Get Lucky becomes one of the UK's biggest selling singles of all-time!". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ↑ Malcolm's Locks at the Wayback Machine (archived 1 May 2003). Lizmitchellfanclub.com.
- ↑ "Australia No. 1 hits -- 1970's". World Charts. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ↑ "Austriancharts.at – Boney M. – Rivers Of Babylon" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ↑ "Ultratop.be – Boney M. – Rivers Of Babylon / Brown Girl In The Ring" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ↑ "Radio 2 Top 30 : 29 april 1978" (in Dutch). Top 30. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ↑ "Top RPM Adult Contemporary: Issue 4668." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ↑ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 4618a." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ↑ MusicSeek.info – UK, Eurochart, Billboard & Cashbox No.1 Hits at the Wayback Machine (archived 14 June 2006). MusicSeek.info.
- ↑ "Toutes les Chansons N° 1 des Années 70" (in French). InfoDisc. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ↑ "Offiziellecharts.de – Boney M. – Rivers Of Babylon". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ↑ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Rivers of Babylon". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- 1 2 "I singoli più venduti del 1978" (in Italian). Hit Parade Italia. Creative Commons. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ↑ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Boney M. - Rivers Of Babylon search results" (in Dutch) Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ↑ "Dutchcharts.nl – Boney M. – Rivers Of Babylon / Brown Girl In The Ring" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ↑ "Charts.org.nz – Boney M. – Rivers Of Babylon". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ↑ "Norwegiancharts.com – Boney M. – Rivers Of Babylon". VG-lista. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ↑ "South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 – 1989 Acts (B)". Rock.co.za. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ↑ "Swedishcharts.com – Boney M. – Rivers Of Babylon". Singles Top 100. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ↑ "Swisscharts.com – Boney M. – Rivers Of Babylon". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ↑ "Archive Chart: 1978-05-13" UK Singles Chart. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ↑ "Nightflight to Venus – Awards". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ↑ CASH BOX Top 100 Singles – Week ending AUGUST 5, 1978 at the Wayback Machine (archived 4 October 2012). Cash Box magazine.
- ↑ "Forum - ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts – Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts – 1970s". Australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ↑ "Jahreshitparade 1978" (in German). Austriancharts.at. Hung Medien. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ↑ "Jaaroverzichten 1978" (in Dutch). Ultratop. Hung Medien. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ↑ "TOP – 1978" (in French). Top-france.fr. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ↑ (German) Jahrescharts – 1978 at the Wayback Machine (archived 16 December 2014). Officialcharts.de. GfK Entertainment.
- ↑ "Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 1978" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ↑ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 1978" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Hung Medien. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ↑ "Top 20 Hit Singles of 1978". Rock.co.za. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ↑ "Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1978" (in German). Hitparade.ch. Hung Medien. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ↑ Lane, Dan (18 November 2012). "The biggest selling singles of every year revealed! (1952-2011)". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- 1 2 3 "The Biggest River In The World Just Got Bigger" (PDF). Radio & Records: 6. 23 June 1978. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
- ↑ "French single certifications – Boney M. – Rivers of Babylon" (in French). InfoDisc. Select BONEY M. and click OK
- ↑ "InfoDisc : Tous les Titres par Artiste" (in French). InfoDisc. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
- ↑ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Boney M; 'Rivers of Babylon')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie.
- ↑ "British single certifications – Boney M – Rivers of Babylon". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 29 March 2012. Enter Rivers of Babylon in the field Keywords. Select Title in the field Search by. Select single in the field By Format. Select Platinum in the field By Award. Click Search
- ↑ "Barron Knights". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
- ↑ "Generated Recordings of Hymns For Educational Use". Unitarian Universalist Association. 25 October 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
- ↑ "Kommer du ihåg Babylon / Schytts" (in Swedish). Svensk mediedatabas. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ↑ "Svensktoppen – 1978". Sveriges Radio. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ↑ "Svensktoppen – 1979". Sveriges Radio. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ↑ "QUIMI PORTET – RIUS DE BABYLON". YouTube. 7 February 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ↑ "Pope arrives for U.S. visit". The Kingman Daily Miner. 1 October 1979. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ↑ Papal Visit 30th September, 1979 at the Wayback Machine (archived 21 April 2009). Galway Races.
- ↑ "Tulpan (2008)". Efareviews.cineuropa.org. 13 March 2009. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions About Time Travel (2009) – Soundtracks". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
External links
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