Reggae fusion

Reggae fusion is a fusion genre of reggae that mixes reggae or dancehall with other genres, such as pop, rock, R&B, jazz & drum and bass.^[1][4][5]

Origin

Although artists have been mixing reggae with other genres from as early as the early 1970's, no official term had been used to describe this practice. Artists such as UB40 were described using terms that joined the various genres they performed (e.g. reggae funk, reggae pop, reggae-disco). It was not until the late 1990's when the term was coined.^[6]

The subgenre predominantly evolved from late 1980's and early 1990s dancehall music which instrumentals or riddims contained elements from the R&B and hip hop genres. Due to this, some consider dancehall artists such as Mad Cobra, Shabba Ranks, Super Cat, Buju Banton and Tony Rebel as pioneers of reggae fusion.^[7] For some of these artists, such as Buju Banton, reggae fusion became a staple throughout their careers. However, reggae fusion can be traced back to before the success of these artists, as far back as the late 1970's and early 1980's, where songs such as Pass the Dutchie & the band Third World blazed the trail finding international success with songs such as "Now That We Found Love" and "Try Jah Love".^[8] Therefore, Third World can be seen as arguably the original pioneers of reggae fusion leading the way for groups such as UB40 and Steel Pulse.

Although there were a few recognized reggae fusion artists in the late 80s to mid-1990's, such as the aforementioned acts in addition to others such as Sublime, Maxi Priest, Shinehead, 311, First Light, The Police and Inner Circle, their style of fusing genres was subtly done.^[9][10] Artists such as Diana King, Patra, Buju Banton, Ini Kamoze, Snow and Shabba Ranks followed in their footsteps, however, creating a less subtle fusion by further blending heavier Jamaican dialect as well as more hardcore and sexual lyrics in their songs.^[11] This led to a lot of crossover success for these artists with songs such as "Informer" and "Here Comes the Hotstepper" reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 as well as topping charts all around the world. As the subgenre began to take shape, the mid to late 1990's saw artists becoming more innovative as many began to mix genres that were not similar nor typically associated with reggae, such as techno and house, leading to the subgenre gaining a more distinctive following and really beginning to grow.^[7] Ironically, however, a major contributing factor to the subgenre garnering further international prominence was due to the lack of marketability of dancehall, especially in its rawest form, in the United States.

By the late 1990s, dancehall had lost its footing in the American market as while initially an appreciated novelty, it had gotten too hardcore lyrically and started using even heavier Jamaican dialect and less standard English making it harder to understand what was being said. It had also come under heavy criticism from the international markets due to the homophobic lyrical content which sought to bash, condemn and instigate violence against the act as well as those who supported or participated in the lifestyle.^[12] This led dancehall artists who were trying to break into the U.S. market, to fuse the dancehall style of toasting or deejaying over softer and predominantly pop and hip hop instrumentals as well as to diversify the content of their songs while moving away from homophobic lyrics. Traditional dancehall acts, such as Shaggy and Beenie Man experienced commercial success in the American markets with the release of their albums in 2000.^[5][13][14] Shaggy had previously experienced multiple chart successes in the 90s but it was his album, Hot Shot, that especially helped further propel the subgenre internationally, as his album spawned two #1 singles on the Billboard Hot 100, "It Wasn't Me" and "Angel".^[5][14] No Doubt's 2002 massive hit album Rock Steady, with worldwide reggae fusion hits such as "Underneath it All" featuring Lady Saw and "Hey Baby" featuring Bounty Killer, further propelled the subgenres popularity to new heights. This was especially because it marked one of the first times a pop/ska punk act had made a complete reggae fusion album, since the mid-90s and opened up the genre to a new fan base as reggae fusion was, at that point, mainly utilized by reggae artists trying to break into the mainstream market and not by already established acts, such as No Doubt.^[15] The early 2000s also saw Sean Paul achieve tremendous success internationally with singles such as "Baby Boy", "Breathe", "Like Glue" and "Make It Clap", among many others.^[16] His albums Dutty Rock & The Trinity altogether spawned five top 10 Billboard Hot 100 hits between 2002 and 2006, including number one hits, "Get Busy" & "Temperature".

Euro reggae

In the early 90s, the evolution of reggae fusion reached another musical style in Europe with the worldwide #1 hits "All That She Wants", "The Sign" and "Don't Turn Around" by Ace of Base. The sound was often called Euro Reggae and became a trend of Eurodance music, such as Mr. President's "Coco Jamboo", "Sweet Sweet Smile" by Tatjana, E-Rotic's "Help Me Dr. Dick", "Ole Ole Singin' Ole Ola" by Rollergirl, "Bamboleo" by Garcia, to name a few. Other Eurodance artistes such as Dr. Alban, E-Rotic and the Vengaboys regular fused their styles with Reggae as well.

Growth in Jamaica

The first reggae fusion-influenced riddim was produced in 2005 by Cordell "Skatta" Burrell, which featured deejays on a techno-based instrumental.^[17][18] Reggae fusion is now a regular staple on Jamaican radio stations, especially Zip 103 FM, in the form of singles, mixes and remixes. This has led to more reggae fusion hits being produced as well as making strong waves on the Dancehall charts in Jamaica. One such single, "Ramping Shop" (using the same instrumental of Ne-Yo's "Miss Independent") by Vybz Kartel and Spice, was one of the biggest reggae fusion hits in 2008, not to mention one of the top singles in Jamaica of that year, peaking at #1.

Its continued exposure to Jamaicans became very evident in 2009, as the summer saw an explosion of Jamaican-produced reggae fusion riddims such as "Mood Swing" (which yielded the massive breakout #1 hit "Life" by G-Whizz)^[19] and hit tracks such as "Holiday" by Ding Dong and "(From Mawning) Never Change" by Chino. Both of these songs reached the top five on the Jamaican charts, with the former track peaking at number one in December 2009^[20] and both (along with "Life") being nominated for "Song of the Year" at the 2010 EME Music Awards (Jamaican equivalent to the Grammy Awards), which was won by "Holiday".^[21] This marked the first time a reggae fusion song had won the prestigious award since the award show's conception in 2008 as well as the first time three reggae fusion songs were nominated for the award. "Holiday" was also nominated and won for the "Best Collaboration".^[22] Since 2010, reggae fusion has become a regular component of dancehall music and is as popular as it has ever been, being incorporated in many riddims such as the popular "One Day" riddim produced by Seanizzle.

In 2011, Shaggy established a reggae fusion record label called "Ranch Entertainment'. It is intended to be launched in the summer of 2012.^[23]

Local criticism and praise

Its growth locally, however, has not come without its criticisms as some feel that the subgenre only serves to dilute the raw sound of reggae and their musical culture.^[11] This controversy was further heightened in 2012, during the Jamaica 50th anniversary campaign to celebrate the country's 50th year of independence, as two vastly different songs were recognized as 'Jamaica 50' campaign songs, one which was a reggae fusion song entitled "On a Mission" produced by Shaggy and the other a roots reggae song entitled "Find a Flag" written by Mikey Bennett.^[24] While "On A Mission" was recognized as the official anniversary song and was applauded by some, it received its fair share of negative feedback due to many questioning its inauthentic Jamaican sound. A popular dancehall artist, Mr. Vegas spoke out against the use of the song being quoted as saying "It doesn't represent Jamaica 50, it doesn't reflect our culture or where our music is coming from".^[11][25] In 2014, following the growth of dance music in Jamaica, legendary reggae musician Richie Stephens sought to capitalize on this by launching a new riddim called 'Skatech' which was an amalgamation of Jamaican ska and electronic dance music. Stephens believed that due to ska not being at the forefront of Jamaican music for many years, combining it with something fresh could bring it back into the spotlight.^[3][26] This provided a different and positive counterargument to the criticism of reggae fusion in Jamaican music, as it was here being used to bring the original forms of reggae back into the limelight, not to drown it out or dilute it as critics would posit.

Continued international popularity

Through other Caribbean-born artists such as Sean Paul, Damian Marley, Sean Kingston, Nicki Minaj and Rihanna who emerged during the mid-2000s, the popularity of the subgenre has continued to grow.^[11] International reggae fusion hits, such as "Calabria" by Enur and Natasja, "Need U Bad" by Jazmine Sullivan, "Say Hey (I Love You)" by Michael Franti & Spearhead featuring Cherine Anderson and "Billionaire" by Travis McCoy, show that the subgenre has matured and is as popular as it has ever been, with more artists experimenting with it.^[5] Jamaican singer Tessanne Chin is one of the latest reggae fusion artists reaching international fame following her winning Season 5 of NBC's reality TV singing competition The Voice as part of Adam Levine's team.^[27] Later in 2014, Canadian reggae fusion band, Magic!, scored a worldwide number-one hit with their single "Rude".^[28] It was the beginning of a major resurgence of the genre as this was followed later in 2015 by another number one reggae fusion song when Jamaican artist OMI claimed the top spot with the Felix Jaehn remix to his song "Cheerleader".^[2] Sorry" by Justin Bieber, "Work" by Rihanna, "One Dance" by Drake, "Cheap Thrills" by Sia and "Locked Away" by R. City also became international hits between late 2015 and early 2016 with all except "Locked Away" topping the Billboard Hot 100. R. City are known primarily for their songwriting and production many of which include reggae fusion tracks such as "Take You There" and "Replay", which they helped co-write. Other producers have also gained recognition for consistently incorporating reggae fusion into songs they produce, such as Major Lazer and J. R. Rotem, who has produced reggae fusion hits such as "Beautiful Girls", "Me Love", "Take You There", "Replay" and "Solo".

A new generation of musicians are largely to thank for the prominence of reggae fusion in the last few years. Dancehall music saw a decline on the international stage over the last decade but the genre is now seeing a resurgence back into the mainstream of music leading to many dancehall-inspired tracks.^[29] In 2016, a decade after Sean Paul's last triumph on the Billboard Hot 100, it was abundantly clear that larger audiences finally seemed receptive to this sound again.^[30][31][32] Coincidentally, Sean Paul, himself, seemed to reemerge as a popular featured act as he was called up for guest appearances with pop artistes such as Little Mix, Jay Sean, Enrique Iglesias, Sia, to name a few with his collaboration with the latter two, "Bailando" and "Cheap Thrills" respectively, becoming major international hits and "Cheap Thrills" becoming #1 on the Billboard Hot 100. Artists such as Meghan Trainor, Alicia Keys, Nico & Vinz, Calvin Harris, Ariana Grande and Britney Spears also made forays into the genre with songs "Better", "In Common", "Imagine", "My Way", "Side to Side" and "Slumber Party", respectively.^[30][33] Drake, however, has been an unlikely talisman of the genre beginning as early from his 2010 single, "Find Your Love" and culminating in his latest works, particularly his fourth mixtape If You're Reading This It's Too Late and his fourth studio album, Views, both of which feature heavy dancehall influences and popular dancehall acts such as Popcaan.^[30][32] However, Drake caught a lot of flack from fans when it was realized that Popcaan's verse from "Controlla" was removed from the album version of Views. Prior to the album's release, two tracks were leaked online one of which was "Controlla" featuring Popcaan. So when the album was released and it no longer featured Popcaan, many fans became irate.^{[29][34][35][36]} This also angered dancehall artistes such as Mr. Vegas who took shots at Drake on social media as well as via interviews and a diss song ("Dancehall Pirates"), stating that he felt that Drake was profiting from reggae artists and dancehall culture without giving proper credit to his influences as no Jamaican artists were credited on Views.^[37][38] He further stated that Drake realizes how popular dancehall is at the moment and that the Dancehall genre is what listeners are gravitating towards hence he used it to influence almost of half of the tracks on Views.^[38] Popcaan, however, was said to be happy for the exposure and understood that it was a business decision.^[36] In fact, Popcaan spoke out against Mr. Vegas and his statements.^[39] Dancehall legend, Beenie Man, who's sample from his 1995 hit song "Tear Off Mi Garments" was used to replace Popcaan, said that it is always a positive when dancehall gets exposure and that it was currently very popular in the mainstream.^[29] This popularity cannot be understated as with the use of the genre's signature tempo on the albums of major music players such as Drake, Rihanna, Justin Bieber, Kanye West and more, the genre has become so popular that Apple Music started their own dancehall inspired playlist.^[40][41] This level of popularity hasn’t been seen since Sean Paul followed in the path of Shaggy’s crossover success and opened the flood gates for some of the Caribbean’s brightest talents to find their way onto mainstream radio in the early 2000s.^[31]

See also

• List of reggae fusion artists
• Ragga
• Ragga jungle
• Fusion

References

External links

• Reggae fusion on Last.fm
• Interview with Carlos Jones, former lead singer of First Light, regarded by some as the first ever reggaefusion band

Reggae
Genres	Roots reggae Dub Dub poetry Lovers rock Dancehall Reggaeton Reggae en Español Reggae fusion Ragga Ragga jungle Samba reggae Nyabinghi rhythm
Characteristics	Deejay (Toasting) Delay Hammond organ One drop and rockers Reverb Singjay Skank Walking bass
People and groups	Reggae Grammy winners 1985-present Reggae musicians Reggae rock artists Reggae fusion artists Roots reggae artists Dub artists Jamaican record producers Reggae bands from the Virgin Islands
By region	Music of Jamaica Pinoy reggae Reggae in Australia New Zealand reggae
Related topics	List of reggae festivals Caribbean Music Caribbean music in the United Kingdom Rastafari Rude boy Skinhead Suedehead Dance Hall (venue) Dubplate Sound system (Jamaican) Sound system (DJ) Riddim Jamaican English Jamaican Patois Studio One Trojan Records Island Records Blue Beat