Reform laws
the Reform laws are a set of laws enacted between 1855 and 1863, during the governments of Juan Alvarez, Ignacio Comonfort and Juarez. Several of them were raised to constitutional status by the constituent Congress that drafted the Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857.
Historical context
On March 1, 1854, the Plan of Ayutla was proclaimed against the dictatorship of Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, the revolution led by Florencio Villarreal, Juan Alvarez and Ignacio Comonfort spread to many parts of the country, achieving success in October 1855. Juan Alvarez assumed the presidency on an interim basis who in turn convened a congress. An important aspect of Juan Alvarez was taking in his cabinet young liberals, thanks to it so important for the history of Mexico and Melchor Ocampo, Benito Juarez, Guillermo Prieto and Ignacio Comonfort people had the opportunity to have an active political participation. In his administration, Alvarez was dedicated to make laws that keep the country under the ideals of liberalism, as the Juárez Law, and the provision of Melchor Ocampo depriving the right to vote the clergy. For personal reasons Juan Alvarez resigned in December 1855 and left Ignacio Comonfort as responsible for the country's presidency.
Promulgation
Government of Juan Alvarez
- Juárez law or the Law on Administration of Justice and the Courts Organic Nation District and Territories: It was issued by Benito Juarez on November 23, 1855. This law was rejected by the bishops archbishops of Mexico
- Lafragua law or freedom of the press law: it allowed freedom of expression in print media, entered into force on 28 December 1855. It was promulgated by the Secretary of Foreign Affairs and Interior José María Lafragua. It repealed the Juárez law.
Government of Ignacio Comonfort
- Decree abolished civil coercion of religious vows. Was released on April 26, 1856.
- Decree that suppressed the Society of Jesus in Mexico. Was released on June 5, 1856.
- Lerdo law or Law of Confiscation of Property Plots and Urban Civil and Ecclesiastical Corporations: forced the civil and ecclesiastical corporations to sell houses and land. It was created by Miguel Lerdo de Tejada (brother of Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada). It was issued on June 25, 1856.
- Lafragua Law or Civil Registration Act. Through this law, the Civil Registry was established. It was issued on January 27, 1857.
- Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857 was promulgated on 5 February 1857. The first jurarla was Republican and Federalist Valentin Gomez Farias, who fought for these ideals throughout his life, from the Cortes of Cadiz, the Independence of Mexico and the 1824 Constitution had been repealed by the centralist regime and the dictatorship of Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna.
- Iglesias law or Rights Act and parochial perquisites: banned the collection of fees, parochial perquisites and tithe to the poor classes. It was enacted on April 11, 1857 by Jose Maria Iglesias.
Government of Benito Juárez
- Nationalization Law Ecclesiastical Property: This law complements Law Lerdo confiscation of church property, with an important change: the goods no longer passed into the hands of rentiers. It was issued in Veracruz on July 12, 1859.
- Civil Marriage Act: was issued in Veracruz on July 23, 1859, through this law was established that the religious marriage had no official validity and established marriage as a civil contract with the State, eliminating the forcible intervention priests and collection thereof by the churches.
- Organic Law on Civil Registration: registration of civil status of persons was in charge of government employees and not the Church. births and deaths as a civil contract with the State declared. It was issued in Veracruz on July 28, 1859.
- Decree of secularization of cemeteries declared the cessation of any intervention of the clergy in cemeteries and graveyards, was released in Veracruz on July 31, 1859.
- Decree suppression of religious holidays: by this decree declared the days that were to be taken as holidays, prohibiting official assistance to religious functions.
- Law on freedom of religion: this law Catholicism ceased to be the only one allowed. This law allowed each person was free to practice and choose the cult wished also conducting ceremonies were banned outside churches or temples. It was issued in Veracruz on December 4, 1860.
- Expulsion decree: by which the exile Luis Clementi apostolic delegate, Archbishop Jose Lazaro de la Garza y Ballesteros and Pedro Espinosa bishops and Davalos and Pedro Moreno Barajas and ordered. It was released in Mexico City on January 21, 1861.
- Decree of hospitals and charity: for which they were secularized these properties. It was released in Mexico City on February 2, 1861.
- Decree of secularization of nuns and friars by which throughout the republic cloisters and monasteries decreeing the exit of religious men and women living there, with the exception of the Sisters of Charity died.
Government of Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada
Reactions and consequences
Through the issuance of these laws and decrees Mexico was achieved in the separation of church and state. The new constitution polarized society, in December 1857 the Conservatives ignored the government and the new constitution by the Plan of Tacubaya, which began the War of Reform or three years. Liberals achieved victory, on January 1, 1861, President Juárez returned to Mexico City. It is for this reason that several of the decrees and laws were issued in the port of Veracruz. But the country's stability was again interrupted, the government had to suspend payments on foreign debt. By the London Convention, the governments of France, Britain and Spain decided to intervene in Mexico. an agreement with the British and the Spanish, but not with the French, who with this pretext and with the help of conservatives began armed intervention and shortly after the Second Mexican Empire was achieved. Juarez was forced to flee the capital holding his itinerant government. It was possible to Restore the Republic
References
Bibliography
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