Rawda Khwani
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 Shia Islam portal |
Rawda khwani(English: reading the Rawda) (Persian: روضه خوانی) is called to shia Iranian[1] Muslims ritual of the Mourning of Muharram. It is held every day of year to commemoration death of Husayn ibn Ali and his follower during the Battle of Karbala.
Performance
Rawda_khani as public lamentation is held to commemorating the death of Husayn ibn Ali and his follower, suffering of his family during the Battle of Karbala by specilly Iranian Shia Muslims.[2][3] Due to the this ritual mourning, the Rawda khwan (story teller) recite loudly chapters of the Garden of the Martyrs with innovative skils to mourners. The ritual of Rawda khwani can be held at every places such as public squers of cities and villages, yard of mosque or privet house, Hussainiya and the Tekyeh that were built frome the eighteen century to performing the Mourning of Muharram. At the first this ritual mourning was held through the first ten days of the month of Muḥarram and then Rawda was commemorated in Muharram and Safar but this day at every day of the year it is held.[2] In the 19th century, by the time of the Qajar dynasty Rawda khwani had been used by actors of the Ta'zieh.[1][4] [5] The origin place of Rawda was Iran, but then at Bahrain this ritual is seen in its original form and at other place like India, the modified form of it is held.[2]
Titled
According to the peter Chelkowski, the name of Rawda_khwani (Persian: روضه خوانی ) is referred to the recitation of chapters of Rawḍat al-s̲h̲uhadāʾ (English: The Garden of the Martyrs), the Persian book with Arabic title which written by Husayn waiz kashifi, shia scholar. Instead of Rawda khwani , Rawda is used by most of the people.[2] Rawda khan (the story tellers) is called to the person who recite chapters of the Garden of the Martyrs with Innovative skills. After a while the story teller strived to gain new techniques and texts to performing the Rawda khwani. When new Maqtal al-Husayn books (various books which narrate the story of the battle of Karbala and the death of Hussain ibn Ali) were authored by different writers, the story tellers decided to use these books as texts of recition of Rawda. Tufan al-Buka (tempest of tear) of Muhammad Ibrahim Jawhari, Asrar al-shahada (Mysteries of Martyrdom) of Ali Asghar Tabatabai are the most popular books that are replaiced as Rawḍat al-s̲h̲uhadā.[1]
See also
Reference
- 1 2 3 Arjomand, Said Amir (1988). Authority and Political Culture in Shi'Ism. State University of New York Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0887066399.
- 1 2 3 4 Chelkowski (2012). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill. ISBN 9789004161214.
- ↑ MacEoin, Denis (1994). Rituals in Babism and Baha'ism. British Academic Press. ISBN 1-85043-654-1.
- ↑ Cornell, Vincent J. Voices of the Spirit. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0275987343.
- ↑ Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad; Meri, Josef W. Culture and Memory in Medieval Islam: Essays in Honor of Wilferd Madelung. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-15177-2.