Ramiro de Maeztu

Ramiro de Maeztu
Portrait of Ramiro de Maeztu, by Whiteley
Born	Ramiro de Maeztu y Whitney (1875-05-14)14 May 1875 Alava, Spain
Died	29 October 1936(1936-10-29) (aged 61) Madrid, Spain

Region	Western Philosophy

Ramiro de Maeztu y Whitney (May 4, 1875 – October 29, 1936) was a Spanish political theorist, journalist, literary critic, occasional diplomat and member of the Generation of '98.^[1]

Career overview

Maeztu was born to a Basque father and an English mother in Vitoria, the capital of Alava province, on May 4, 1875.

He was among the young Spanish intellectuals deeply affected by their country's humiliating defeat in Spanish–American War of 1898, along with José Martínez Ruiz ("Azorín"), Pío Baroja and others forming the literary Generation of '98.^[2] His first collection of essays was published in 1898 under the name Hacia otra España ("Towards a Different Spain").

An early advocate of Socialism,^[3] he became disillusioned by the Great War while serving as the London correspondent for several Spanish newspapers, traveling in France and Germany.

After returning to Spain, Maeztu rejected many of his friends and argued that human reason alone was not enough to solve social problems, and argued for the importance of strong authority and tradition rooted in the Roman Catholic Church. These ideas were embodied in his 1916 book, Authority, Liberty, and Function in the Light of the War, first published in English, and later in Spanish as La Crisis del Humanismo (1919).

Maeztu became one of the most prominent defenders of the regime of Miguel Primo de Rivera, and called for Spain to "recover its 16th-century sense of Roman Catholic mission."^[4] In 1926 his literary essays were published in Don Quijote, Don Juan y La Celestina, and in 1928 he served as Spanish ambassador to Argentina.

Along with Pedro Sainz Rodríguez and others, Maeztu founded the right-wing, monarchist Acción Española political movement in 1931.^[5] In 1934, his final published book was written, Defensa de la hispanidad ("In Defense of Spanishness"), advocating "a return to pure Spanishness" and strongly condemning Liberalism and the French Revolution's slogan "Liberté, égalité, fraternité".

On October 29, 1936, Maeztu was murdered by Republican soldiers in the early days of the Spanish Civil War while near Madrid.^[6] The following last words are attributed to him: "You do not know why you kill me, but I know why I'm dying: For your children to be better than you!"^[7] His political thoughts had a profound influence on Chilean historian Jaime Eyzaguirre.^[8]

His younger sister was the Spanish educator and feminist, María de Maeztu who founded the Residencia de Señoritas and the Lyceum Club in Madrid, and his younger brother was the painter Gustavo de Maeztu who has a museum named for him in the Palace of the Kings of Navarre in Estella, Spain.

Trivia

Spanish philosopher José Ortega y Gasset dedicated his book Meditations on Quixote (1914) to Maeztu — "A Ramiro de Maeztu, con un gesto fraternal."^[9]

Works

(1899). Hacia otra España
(1911). La Revolución y los Intelectuales
(1916). Inglaterra en Armas
(1919). La Crisis del Humanismo
(1920). Del Espíritu de los Vascos
(1926). Don Quijote, Don Juan y La Celestina
(1934). Defensa de la Hispanidad
(1935). La Brevedad de la Vida en la Poesía Lírica Española

Works in English translation

"Expressionism," The New Age, Vol. XIV, No. 4, 1913, pp. 122–123.
"England and Germany: Two Types of Culture," The New Age, Vol. XVI, No. 12, 1915, pp. 303–304.
"On Belgian Nationality," The New Age, Vol. XVI, No. 14, 1915, pp. 372–374.
"On Marx and Wealth and Power," The New Age, Vol. XVI, No. 16, 1915, pp. 423–424.
"What is a Nation?," The New Age, Vol. XVI, No. 16, 1915, p. 436.
"The Bellicose Pacifists," The New Age, Vol. XVI, No. 18, 1915, pp. 481–482.
"Bureaucracy and War," The New Age, Vol. XVI, No. 20, 1915, pp. 530–532.
"Death and Resurrection," The New Age, Vol. XVI, No. 22, 1915, pp. 583–584.
"On Art and Luxury," The New Age, Vol. XVI, No. 24, 1915, pp. 640–642.
"The Jealousy of the Guilds," The New Age, Vol. XVI, No. 26, 1915, pp. 687–688.
"On Luxury and Waste," The New Age, Vol. XVII, No. 2, 1915, pp. 34–35.
"War and Solidarity," The New Age, Vol. XVII, No. 4, 1915, pp. 81–83.
"On Novels and Happiness," The New Age, Vol. XVII, No. 6, 1915, pp. 129–131.
"The Natural Defence of Luxury," The New Age, Vol. XVII, No. 6, 1915, pp. 141–142.
"On Compulsion," The New Age, Vol. XVII, No. 8, 1915, pp. 179–181.
"Art and Utility," The New Age, Vol. XVII, No. 9, 1915, p. 215.
"Not Happiness, But...," The New Age, Vol. XVII, No. 10, 1915, pp. 224–226.
"On Liberty of Thought," The New Age, Vol. XVII, No. 12, 1915, pp. 273–274.
"Happiness and Beauty," The New Age, Vol. XVII, No. 12, 1915, pp. 294–295.
"On Love and Veracity," The New Age, Vol. XVII, No. 14, 1915, pp. 330–332.
"On Liberty and Organization," The New Age, Vol. XVII, No. 16, 1915, pp. 377–378.
"The Historical Function of England," The New Age, Vol. XVII, No. 17, 1915, p. 411.
"Beyond the Barriers of Liberty and Authority," The New Age, Vol. XVII, No. 17, 1915, pp. 424–425.
"The Historical Function of England," The New Age, Vol. XVII, No. 19, 1915, p. 460.
"On Law and the Guilds," The New Age, Vol. XVII, No. 20, 1915, pp. 472–473.
"The End of Romanticism," The New Age, Vol. XVII, No. 22, 1915, pp. 521–522.
"The Historical Function of England," The New Age, Vol. XVII, No. 23, 1915, p. 558.
"On a Doctrine of Power," The New Age, Vol. XVII, No. 24, 1915, pp. 565–567.
"On the Primacy of Things," The New Age, Vol. XVII, No. 26, 1915, pp. 617–619.
"On the Balance of Power," The New Age, Vol. XVIII, No. 2, 1915, pp. 31–32.
"On the Legal Principles of the Human Commonwealth," The New Age, Vol. XVIII, No. 4, 1915, pp. 78–80.
"On the Economic Interpretation of History," The New Age, Vol. XVIII, No. 6, 1915, pp. 128–130.
"On Right and Might," The New Age, Vol. XVIII, No. 8, 1915, pp. 178–180.

"On Right and Might II," The New Age, Vol. XVIII, No. 10, 1916, pp. 224–226.
"The German Heresy: The Man of the Renaissance," The New Age, Vol. XVIII, No. 12, 1916, pp. 273–275.
"The German Heresy: The State as Necessity," The New Age, Vol. XVIII, No. 14, 1916, pp. 320–322.
"The German Heresy: The State as the Good," The New Age, Vol. XVIII, No. 16, 1916, pp. 368–369.
"The German Heresy: Hegel and the State," The New Age, Vol. XVIII, No. 18, 1916, pp. 417–418.
"Disconnected Connections," The New Age, Vol. XVIII, No. 20, 1916, pp. 466–468.
"On the Primacy of Things," The New Age, Vol. XVIII, No. 22, 1916, pp. 514–516.
"More Disconnected Connections," The New Age, Vol. XVIII, No. 24, 1916, pp. 561–562.
"The Primacy of Things," The New Age, Vol. XVIII, No. 24, 1916, p. 574.
"A Reflection upon Sin," The New Age, Vol. XIX, No. 1, 1916, pp. 9–10.
"The Primacy of Things," The New Age, Vol. XIX, No. 1, 1916, p. 22.
"The Object of the War," The New Age, Vol. XIX, No. 2, 1916, p. 46.
"On Functions and Values," The New Age, Vol. XIX, No. 3, 1916, pp. 57–58.
"Authority, Liberty and Function," The New Age, Vol. XIX, No. 5, 1916, pp. 104–105.
"The Confusions of Mr. Bernard Shaw," The New Age, Vol. XIX, No. 7, 1916, pp. 152–154.^[10]
"The So-Called Law of Rent," The New Age, Vol. XIX, No. 7, 1916, pp. 198–199.
"Mr. Shaw and the German Republic," The New Age, Vol. XIX, No. 13, 1916, pp. 294–297.
"Independence & Interdependence," The New Age, Vol. XIX, No. 15, 1916, p. 344.
"A Visit to the Front: Train and Steamer," The New Age, Vol. XIX, No. 21, 1916, pp. 486–487.
"A Visit to the Front: The Sanitary Service," The New Age, Vol. XIX, No. 22, 1916, pp. 510–511.
"A Visit to the Front: The Joy of War," The New Age, Vol. XIX, No. 23, 1916, pp. 533–534.
"A Visit to the Front: The New British Tactics," The New Age, Vol. XIX, No. 24, 1916, pp. 557–559.
"A Visit to the Front: A Military Base," The New Age, Vol. XIX, No. 25, 1916, pp. 580–581.
"A Visit to the Front: On the North of the Somme," The New Age, Vol. XIX, No. 26, 1916, pp. 604–605.
"A Visit to the Front: The English in France," The New Age, Vol. XX, No. 1, 1916, pp. 5–7.
"A Visit to the Front: Salisbury Camp," The New Age, Vol. XX, No. 2, 1916, p. 29.
"A Visit to the Front: The Production of Munitions," The New Age, Vol. XX, No. 3, 1916, pp. 53–54.
"A Visit to the Front: Final Impression," The New Age, Vol. XX, No. 4, 1916, pp. 77–78.
"On Power and Things," The New Age, Vol. XX, No. 7, 1916, pp. 158–159.
Authority, Liberty, and Function in the Light of the War, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1916.
"Partnership and Fellowship," The New Age, Vol. XX, No. 12, 1916, pp. 272–274.
"On Love and Things," The New Age, Vol. XX, No. 15, 1917, p. 358.
"The Principle of Nationality," The New Age, Vol. XX, No. 16, 1917, p. 366-367.

"The Value of Nationality," The New Age, Vol. XX, No. 17, 1917, pp. 395–396.
"The Wonders of Desolation," The New Age, Vol. XXI, No. 6, 1917, pp. 128–130.
"The Value of 'Function'," The New Age, Vol. XXI, No. 6, 1917, p. 143.
"Liberty and Pleasure," The New Age, Vol. XXI, No. 10, 1917, pp. 223–225.
"Liberty and Morality," The New Age, Vol. XXI, No. 12, 1917, pp. 262–264.
"The Fetish of Personality," The New Age, Vol. XXI, No. 14, 1917, pp. 301–303.
"Personal v. Political Liberty," The New Age, Vol. XXI, No. 16, 1917, p. 344.
"Personal v. Political Liberty II," The New Age, Vol. XXI, No. 17, 1917, pp. 363–364.
"The Principle of Growth," The New Age, Vol. XXI, No. 19, 1917, pp. 402–404.
"To Begin With," The New Age, Vol. XXI, No. 23, 1917, pp. 483–484.
"The Functional Principle," The New Age, Vol. XXI, No. 25, 1917, pp. 526–527.
"The Nature of Societies," The New Age, Vol. XXI, No. 26, 1917, pp. 542–543.
"Function in Land," The New Age, Vol. XXII, No. 2, 1917, pp. 26–28.
"Liberty and Democracy," The New Age, Vol. XXII, No. 6, 1917, pp. 107–109.
"Old Worlds for New," The New Age, Vol. XXII, No. 6, 1917, pp. 132–133.
"Tolstoy's Revolution," The New Age, Vol. XXII, No. 10, 1917, pp. 186–187.
"The Formula of the War," The New Age, Vol. XXII, No. 14, 1917, pp. 266–267.
"'Necessity' in Law," Inter-America, Vol. I, No. 1, 1917, pp. 31–34.
"The Best of Both Worlds," The New Age, Vol. XXII, No. 16, 1918, pp. 306–307.
"Land Power or Sea Power?," The New Age, Vol. XXII, No. 17, 1918, pp. 323–324.
"Fate and Resignation," The New Age, Vol. XXII, No. 19, 1918, pp. 371–372.
"The Russian Lesson for Industrial Democracy," The New Age, Vol. XXII, No. 22, 1918, p. 431.
"Dostoyevsky the Manichean," The New Age, Vol. XXII, No. 23, 1918, pp. 449–451.^[11]
"Let Us Be Whole!," The New Age, Vol. XXII, No. 26, 1918, p. 497.
"Function and Rights," The New Age, Vol. XXIII, No. 22, pp. 347–348.
"Germany Now," The New Age, Vol. XXIV, No. 10, 1919, pp. 155–157.
"East and West," The New Age, Vol. XXVII, No. 14, 1920, p. 212.
"On Earth as in Heaven," The New Age, Vol. XXVII, No. 21, 1920, pp. 308–309.
"The War Diary of a Square Peg," The New Age, Vol. XXVII, No. 26, 1920, pp. 369–370.
"The International Policy of Spain," Foreign Affairs, Vol. I, No. 2, 1922, pp. 136–143.
"Automobiles and National Character," The Living Age, Vol. CCCXXII, No. 4185, 1924.
"A Spaniard's Exposition of Spengler," The Living Age, Vol. CCCXXVII, No. 4241, 1925.
"How to Make the Yankee Harmless," The Living Age, Vol. CCCXXVIII, No. 4264, 1926.

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Blanco Aguinaga, Carlos (1970). Juventud del 98, Madrid: Siglo Veintiuno.
Blas Guerrero, Andrés de (1993). La Ambigüedad Nacionalista de Ramiro de Maeztu, Institut de Ciències Polítiques i Socials.
Cierva, Ricardo de la (1987). La Derecha sin Remedio (1801-1987), Barcelona: Plaza y Janes.
Crawford, Susanna Wickham (1962). The Concept of Liberty in the Essays of Ramiro de Maeztu, Washington University.
Fernandez-Barros, Enrique (1974). "Ramiro de Maeztu on Money and Wealth in America," Modern Age, Vol. XVIII, No. 1, pp. 53–63.
Iribarne, Manuel Fraga (1976). Ramiro de Maeztu en Londres, Cultura Hispánica.
Iribarne, Manuel Fraga (1981). El Pensamiento Conservador Espanol, Barcelona: Planeta.
Flores, María José (2002). Ramiro de Maeztu y Whitney: Un Intelectual Herido Por España, Unipress.
González Cuevas, Pedro Carlos (2005). El Pensamiento Político de la Derecha Española en el Siglo XX, Tecnos.
Landeira, Ricardo (1978). Ramiro de Maeztu, Twayne Publishers.
Marrero, Vicente (1955). Maetzu, Madrid: Rialp.
Marrero, Vicente (1986). El P. Arintero y Ramiro de Maeztu, Editorial San Esteban.
Nozick, Martin (1954). "An Examination of Ramiro de Maeztu," PMLA, Vol. 69, No. 4, pp. 719–740.
Palacios Fernández, Emilio (1982). Ramiro de Maeztu, la Labor Literaria de un Periodista (1897-1910), Diputación Foral de Álava, Departamento de Publicaciones.
Rocamora, Pedro (1974). "Ramiro de Maetzu y la Generación del 98," Arbor, Vol. 341, pp. 7–22.
Valmala, Antonio de (1908). "Ramiro de Maeztu." In Los Voceros del Modernismo, Barcelona: Luis Gili.
Villiers-Wardell, Janie (1909). Spain of the Spanish, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Wilson, Francis G. (1964). "Ramiro de Maeztu - Critic of the Revolution," Modern Age, Vol. VIII, No. 2 [Rep. in Order and Legitimacy: Political Thought in National Spain, Transaction Publishers, 2004].

Notes

↑ "The leaders of the Generation of 1898 were all writers. There were Jacinte Benavente, the dramatist; Manuel Bueno, novelist and dramatic critic; Pío Baroja, the novelist; Ramon del Valle-Inclán, novelist and poet; Rubén Darío, the poet; Miguel de Unamuno, poet, novelist and philosopher; Ramiro de Maeztu, philosopher and (latterly) leader-writer; and "Azorín" (José Martínez Ruiz), the essayist, who has told the story of the movement. The name of a younger man might be added to the list as one of the most convincing supporters of the ideas for which they stood — José Ortega Gasset." Trend, J. B. (1921). "Literature," in A Picture of Modern Spain. London: Constable & Company, p. 46.
↑ Nozick, Martin (1971). Miguel de Unamuno, Twayne Publishers.
↑ Comentale, Edward P. (2006). T. E. Hulme and the Question of Modernism, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., p. 88.
↑ Encyclopædia Britannica: Ramiro de Maeztu
↑ Boyd, Carolyn P. (1997). Historia Patria: Politics, History, and National Identity in Spain, 1875–1975, Princeton University Press, pp. 225–226.
↑ Arredondo, Christopher Britt (2005). Quixotism: The Imaginative Denial of Spain's Loss of Empire, SUNY Press, p. 91.
↑ González Cuevas, Pedro Carlos (2003). Maeztu: Biografía de un Nacionalista Español, Marcial Pons Historia, p. 359.
↑ "Jaime Eyzaguirre (1908-1968)". Memoria Chilena (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
↑ Ortega y Gasset, José (1914). Meditaciones del Quijote, Madrid: Publicaciones de la Residencia de Estudiantes.
↑ Shaw, George Bernard (1916). "The Alleged Confusions of Mr. Bernard Shaw," The New Age, Vol. XIX, No. 7, pp. 197-198.
↑ Lavrin, Janko (1918). "The Dostoyevsky Problem," The New Age, Vol. XXII, No. 24, pp. 465-466.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ramiro de Maeztu.

Works by Ramiro de Maetzu, at Hathi Trust
Works by Ramiro de Maetzu, at Biblioteca Nacional de España
Articles by Ramiro de Maetzu, at Acción Española
Ramiro de Maeztu 1875-1936
Maeztu y la España del Catolicismo Integral

Authority control	WorldCat Identities VIAF: 34495436 LCCN: n79053990 ISNI: 0000 0003 6857 197X GND: 119013886 SUDOC: 030061164 BNF: cb121553627 (data) NLA: 35768243 NKC: jo20000080551 BNE: XX1003714

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