RST code

For other uses, see RST (disambiguation).
Kenwood TS-480HX S-meter

The RST system is used by amateur radio operators, shortwave listeners, and other radio hobbyists to exchange information about the quality of a radio signal being received. The code is a three digit number, with one digit each for conveying an assessment of the signal's readability, strength, and tone.[1] The code was developed in the 1934 by Amateur radio operator Arthur W. Braaten, W2BSR.[2][3][4][5]

Readability

The R stands for "Readability". Readability is a qualitative assessment of how easy or difficult it is to correctly copy the information being sent during the transmission. In a Morse code telegraphy transmission, readability refers to how easy or difficult it is to distinguish each of the characters in the text of the message being sent; in a voice transmission, readability refers to how easy or difficult it is for each spoken word to be understood correctly. Readability is measured on a scale of 1 to 5.[6]

  1. Unreadable
  2. Barely readable, occasional words distinguishable
  3. Readable with considerable difficulty
  4. Readable with practically no difficulty
  5. Perfectly readable

Strength

The S stands for "Strength". Strength is an assessment of how powerful the received signal is at the receiving location. Although an accurate signal strength meter can determine a quantitative value for signal strength, in practice this portion of the RST code is a qualitative assessment, often made based on the S meter of the radio receiver at the location of signal reception. "Strength" is measured on a scale of 1 to 9.[6]

  1. Faint signal, barely perceptible
  2. Very weak
  3. Weak
  4. Fair
  5. Fairly good
  6. Good
  7. Moderately strong
  8. Strong
  9. Very strong signals

For a quantitative assessment, quality HF receivers are calibrated so that S9 on the S-meter corresponds to a signal of 50 μV at the antenna standard terminal impedance 50 ohms.[7] One "S" difference should correspond to 6 dB at signal strength (2x voltage = 4x power). On VHF and UHF receivers used for weak signal communications, S9 often corresponds to 5 μV at the antenna terminal 50 ohms. Amateur radio (ham) operators may also use a signal strength of "20 to 60 over 9", or "+20 to +60 over 9." This is in reference to a signal that exceeds S9 on a signal meter on a HF receiver.

Tone

The T stands for "Tone". Tone is only used in Morse code and digital transmissions and is therefore omitted during voice operations. With modern transmitter technology, imperfections in the quality of the transmitter modulation that can be detected by humans are rare. Tone is measured on a scale of 1 to 9.[6]

  1. Sixty cycle a.c or less, very rough and broad
  2. Very rough a.c., very harsh and broad
  3. Rough a.c. tone, rectified but not filtered
  4. Rough note, some trace of filtering
  5. Filtered rectified a.c. but strongly ripple-modulated
  6. Filtered tone, definite trace of ripple modulation
  7. Near pure tone, trace of ripple modulation
  8. Near perfect tone, slight trace of modulation
  9. Perfect tone, no trace of ripple or modulation of any kind

Variations

An example RST report for a voice transmission is "59", usually pronounced "five nine" or "five by nine", a report that indicates a perfectly readable and very strong signal. Exceptionally strong signals are designated by the quantitative number of decibels, in excess of "S9", displayed on the receiver's S meter. Example: "Your signal is 30 dB over S9."

Suffixes were historically added to indicate other signal properties, and might be sent as "599K":

Because the N character in Morse code requires less time to send than the 9, during amateur radio contests where the competing amateur radio stations are all using Morse code, the nines in the RST are typically abbreviated to N to read 5NN.[9] In general, this practice is referred to as abbreviated or "cut" numbers.[10]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Quick Reference Operating Aids (The RST System)".
  2. ↑ "The Radio Amateur's Handbook" (PDF). p. 363. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  3. ↑ "The RST Standard of Reporting". Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  4. ↑ Andrea, Steve. "Can You Read Me Now?" (PDF). ARRL. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  5. ↑ Arthur M. Braaten, W2BSR. "A New Standard System of Reporting Signals" (PDF). ARRL. p. 18. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  6. 1 2 3 The beginner's handbook of amateur radio by Clay Laster, Page 379, McGraw-Hill Professional, 2000, ISBN 0-07-136187-1, ISBN 978-0-07-136187-3
  7. ↑ "S9 Signal reference".
  8. ↑ International Amateur Radio Union Region 1 VHF Managers' Handbook, 2013
  9. ↑ http://www.radioing.com/hamstart/rst.html Ham Radio RST Signal Reporting System for CW Operation, by Charlie Bautsch, W5AM
  10. ↑ http://ac6v.com/morseaids.htm#AB MORSE CODE, INTERNATIONAL EXTENSIONS AND ABBREVIATED NUMBERS
  11. ↑ ""R-S-M-Q, A Standard Method of Reporting for Telephony"" (PDF).
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