Robot Operating System

Robot Operating System

ROS Kinetic Kame version logo

Cart pushing simulation in RVIZ
Original author(s) Willow Garage
Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
Initial release 2007 (2007)
Stable release
Kinetic Kame[1] / 23 May 2016 (2016-05-23)
Development status Active
Written in C++ or Python
Operating system Linux
Type Robotics suite, OS, library
License BSD license
Website www.ros.org

Robot Operating System (ROS) is a collection of software frameworks for robot software development, (see also Robotics middleware) providing operating system-like functionality on a heterogeneous computer cluster. ROS provides standard operating system services such as hardware abstraction, low-level device control, implementation of commonly used functionality, message-passing between processes, and package management. Running sets of ROS-based processes are represented in a graph architecture where processing takes place in nodes that may receive, post and multiplex sensor, control, state, planning, actuator and other messages. Despite the importance of reactivity and low latency in robot control, ROS, itself, is not a real-time OS (RTOS), though it is possible to integrate ROS with real-time code.[2] The lack of support for real-time systems is being addressed in the creation of ROS 2.0.[3]

Software in the ROS Ecosystem[4] can be separated into three groups:

Both the language-independent tools and the main client libraries (C++, Python, LISP) are released under the terms of the BSD license, and as such are open source software and free for both commercial and research use. The majority of other packages are licensed under a variety of open source licenses. These other packages implement commonly used functionality and applications such as hardware drivers, robot models, datatypes, planning, perception, simultaneous localization and mapping, simulation tools, and other algorithms.

The main ROS client libraries (C++, Python, LISP) are geared toward a Unix-like system, primarily because of their dependence on large collections of open-source software dependencies. For these client libraries, Ubuntu Linux is listed as "Supported" while other variants such as Fedora Linux, Mac OS X, and Microsoft Windows are designated "Experimental" and are supported by the community.[8] The native Java ROS client library, rosjava, however, does not share these limitations and has enabled ROS-based software to be written for the Android OS.[9] rosjava has also enabled ROS to be integrated into an officially-supported MATLAB toolbox which can be used on Linux, Mac OS X, and Microsoft Windows.[10] A JavaScript client library, roslibjs has also been developed which enables integration of software into a ROS system via any standards-compliant web browser.

History

ROS was originally developed in 2007 under the name switchyard by the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory in support of the Stanford AI Robot STAIR (STanford AI Robot)[11][12] project. Description of STAIR on its homepage:

Our single robot platform will integrate methods drawn from all areas of AI, including machine learning, vision, navigation, planning, reasoning, and speech/natural language processing. This is in distinct contrast to the 30-year trend of working on fragmented AI sub-fields, and will be a vehicle for driving research towards true integrated AI.

From 2008 until 2013, development was performed primarily at Willow Garage, a robotics research institute/incubator. During that time, researchers at more than twenty institutions collaborated with Willow Garage engineers in a federated development model.[13][14]

In February 2013, ROS stewardship transitioned to the Open Source Robotics Foundation.[15] In August 2013, a blog posting[16] announced that Willow Garage would be absorbed by another company started by its founder, Suitable Technologies. The support responsibilities for the PR2 created by Willow Garage were also subsequently taken over by Clearpath Robotics.[17]

Applications

ROS areas include:

ROS package application areas will include:

ROS-Industrial[18] is a BSD-licensed “hardware-agnostic” software development program to create a Unified Robot Description Format (URDF) for industrial robots.

Version history

ROS releases may be incompatible with other releases and are often referred to by code name rather than version number. The major releases so far are:

Distro Release date Poster EOL date
Kinetic Kame May 23, 2016 Current stable version: 2021-05-30
Jade May 23, 2015 Older version, yet still supported: 2017-05-30
Indigo July 22, 2014 Older version, yet still supported: 2019-04-30
Hydro September 4, 2013 Old version, no longer supported: 2014-05-31
Groovy Galapagos December 31, 2012 Old version, no longer supported: 2014-07-31
Fuerte Turtle April 23, 2012
Electric Emys August 30, 2011
Diamondback March 2, 2011
C Turtle August 2, 2010
Box Turtle March 2, 2010
Legend:
Old version
Older version, still supported
Latest version
Latest preview version
Future release

Ports to robots and boards

ROS packages

ROS contains many open source implementations of common robotics functionality and algorithms. These open source implementations are organized into "packages". Many packages are included as part of ROS distributions, while others may be developed by individuals and distributed through code sharing sites such as github. For a list of some of the available packages for ROS, see: http://www.ros.org/browse/list.php

See also

References

  1. "ROS Kinetic Kame". Wiki.ros.org. Retrieved 2015-06-01.
  2. ROS-Introduction http://wiki.ros.org/ROS/Introduction
  3. Kay, Jackie. "Proposal for Implementation of Real-time Systems in ROS 2". Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  4. "Browsing packages for indigo". ROS.org. ROS. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  5. "Package Summary". ROS.org. ROS. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  6. "Package SUmmary". ROS.org. ROS. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  7. "Package Summary". ROS.org. ROS. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  8. "ROS/Installation - ROS Wiki". Wiki.ros.org. 2013-09-29. Retrieved 2014-07-12.
  9. "android - ROS Wiki". Wiki.ros.org. 2014-04-12. Retrieved 2014-07-12.
  10. "Robot Operating System (ROS) Support from MATLAB - Hardware Support". Mathworks.com. Retrieved 2014-07-12.
  11. STanford Artificial Intelligence Robot http://stair.stanford.edu/
  12. Morgan Quigley, Eric Berger, Andrew Y. Ng (2007), STAIR: Hardware and Software Architecture (PDF), AAAI 2007 Robotics Workshop
  13. "Repositories". ROS.org. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  14. Morgan Quigley, Brian Gerkey, Ken Conley, Josh Faust, Tully Foote, Jeremy Leibs, Eric Berger, Rob Wheeler, Andrew Ng. "ROS: an open-source Robot Operating System" (PDF). Retrieved 3 April 2010.
  15. "Osrf - Ros @ Osrf". Osrfoundation.org. 2013-02-11. Retrieved 2014-07-12.
  16. "employees join Suitable Technologies". Willow Garage. Retrieved 2014-07-12.
  17. Robotics Corner 2014/01/15 (2014-01-15). "Clearpath Welcomes PR2 to the Family". Clearpath Robotics. Retrieved 2014-07-12.
  18. ROS-Industrial http://ros.org/wiki/Industrial
  19. http://rosindustrial.org/
  20. Baxter http://www.rethinkrobotics.com/products/baxter-research-robot/baxter-research-robot-qa/
  21. K U leuven http://people.mech.kuleuven.be/%7Eu0062536/embsensor.html
  22. HERB http://personalrobotics.intel-research.net/
  23. Husky A200 http://www.clearpathrobotics.com/husky
  24. PR1 http://personalrobotics.stanford.edu/
  25. PR2 http://www.willowgarage.com/pages/robots
  26. B. Hannaford, J. Rosen, Diana CW Friedman, H. King, P. Roan, L. Cheng, D. Glozman, J. Ma, S.N. Kosari, L. White, 'Raven-II: AN Open Platform for Surgical Robotics Research,' IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 60, pp. 954-959, April 2013.
  27. "BioRobotics Laboratory | Biorobotics Laboratory - University of Washington". Brl.ee.washington.edu. Retrieved 2014-07-12.
  28. rosbridge protocol and server http://www.ros.org/wiki/rosbridge
  29. brown-robotics http://brown-robotics.org/
  30. SDH http://www.shadowrobot.com/products/dexterous-hand/
  31. STAIR I and II http://stair.stanford.edu/index.php
  32. "Summit XL - Robotnik". Robotnik.es. Retrieved 2014-07-12.
  33. "nao - ROS Wiki". Ros.org. 2013-10-28. Retrieved 2014-07-12.
  34. Humanoid Robots Lab http://hrl.informatik.uni-freiburg.de/
  35. brown-robotics http://brown-robotics.org/
  36. G.T. Jay, Post to ros-users mailing list announcing ROS support for the Nao
  37. "Specification". Unbounded Robotics. Retrieved 2014-07-12.
  38. Ackerman, Evan (2013-10-21). "UBR-1 Robot From Unbounded Robotics Revolutionizes Affordable Mobile Manipulation - IEEE Spectrum". Spectrum.ieee.org. Retrieved 2014-07-12.
Notes
  • STAIR: The STanford Artificial Intelligence Robot project, Andrew Y. Ng, Stephen Gould, Morgan Quigley, Ashutosh Saxena, Eric Berger. Snowbird, 2008.
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