Radarsat-1

Radarsat-1

Radarsat-1
Mission type Earth Observation
Operator CSA
COSPAR ID 1995-059A
SATCAT № 23710
Website www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/radarsat1/
Mission duration 5 years
Spacecraft properties
Manufacturer MDA (formerly Spar)
Ball Aerospace
Launch mass 2,750 kilograms (6,060 lb)[1]
Power 2,100 watts
Start of mission
Launch date 4 November 1995, 14:22 (1995-11-04UTC14:22Z) UTC
Rocket Delta II 7920-10
Launch site Vandenberg SLC-2W
Contractor Boeing
End of mission
Last contact 29 March 2013 (2013-03-30)
Orbital parameters
Reference system Geocentric
Perigee 793 kilometres (493 mi)[1]
Apogee 821 kilometres (510 mi)[1]
Inclination 98.6 degrees [1]
Period 100.70 minutes[1]
Main radar
Wavelengths C band[1]

Radarsat-1 is Canada's first commercial Earth observation satellite. It utilized synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to obtain images of the Earth's surface to manage natural resources and monitor global climate change. As of March 2013, the satellite was declared non-operational and is no longer collecting data.

Mission

It was launched at 14:22 UTC on 4 November, 1995,[2] from Vandenberg AFB in California, into a sun-synchronous orbit (dawn-dusk) above the Earth with an altitude of 798 kilometres (496 mi) and inclination of 98.6 degrees.[1] Developed under the management of the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) in co-operation with Canadian provincial governments and the private sector, it provided images of the Earth for both scientific and marketing purposes. Radarsat-1's images are useful in many fields, including agriculture, cartography, hydrology, forestry, oceanography, geology, ice and ocean monitoring, arctic surveillance, and detecting ocean oil slicks.

History

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) provided the Delta II rocket to launch Radarsat-1 in exchange for access to its data. Estimates are that the project, excluding launch, cost $620 million (Canadian). The Canadian federal government contributed about $500 million, the four participating provinces (Quebec, Ontario, Saskatchewan and British Columbia) about $57 million, and the private sector about $63 million.

Radarsat International, Inc. (RSI), a Canadian private company, was created in 1989 to process, market and distribute Radarsat-1 data. (Radarsat International, Inc. (RSI) was later acquired by MacDonald Dettwiler and Associates.) In 2006, RSI was rebranded MDA Geospatial Services International or MDA GSI.

Payload

Radarsat-1 used a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensor to image the Earth at a single microwave frequency of 5.3 GHz, in the C band (wavelength of 5.6 cm).[1] The SAR support structure was designed and manufactured by Northrop Grumman Astro Aerospace and deployed to 15 metres (49 ft) in length on orbit. Unlike optical satellites that sense reflected sunlight, SAR systems transmitted microwave energy towards the surface and recorded the reflections. Thus, Radarsat-1 imaged the Earth, day or night, in any atmospheric condition, such as cloud cover, rain, snow, dust or haze.

Each of Radarsat-1's seven beam modes offered a different image resolution. The modes included Fine, which covers an area of 50 km × 50 km (31 mi × 31 mi) (2,500 km2 (970 sq mi)) with a resolution of 10 metres (33 ft); Standard, which covered an area of 100 km × 100 km (62 mi × 62 mi) (10,000 km2 (3,900 sq mi)) and had a resolution of 30 metres (98 ft); and ScanSAR wide, which covered a 500 km × 500 km (310 mi × 310 mi) (250,000 km2 (97,000 sq mi)) area with a resolution of 100 metres (330 ft). Radarsat-1 also had the unique ability to direct its beam at different angles.[1]

Constellation

Orbital trace of Radarsat-1

With an orbital period of 100.7 minutes, Radarsat-1 circles the Earth 14 times a day.[1] The orbit path repeats every 24 days, this means that the satellite is in exactly the same location and could take the same image (same beam mode and beam position) every 24 days. This is useful for interferometry and detecting changes at that location that took place during the 24 days. Using different beam positions, a location can also be scanned every few days.

Radarsat-1 was a right-looking satellite,[1] meaning that the microwave beam transmits and receives on the right side of the satellite, relative to its orbital path. As it descends in its orbit from the North Pole, it faces west, and when it ascends from the South Pole, it faces east. Locations could therefore be imaged from opposite sides. Combined with the different beam modes and positions, this provided users with many possible perspectives from which to image a location.

Kongsberg Satellite Services of Norway, among several other external partners, provides ground station services for Radarsat-2 including the provision of data under Canadian Space Agency science programmes.[3] This allowed Radarsat-1 to download via both Svalbard Satellite Station in Norway and Troll Satellite Station in Antarctica.[4]

End of service

On November 4, 2010, Radarsat-1 celebrated its 15-year service anniversary.[5] It outlived its planned five-year lifetime by a wide margin. Radarsat-2 was launched on 14 December 2007 from Baikonur, Kazakhstan[6]

Radarsat-1 covered the Arctic daily, and most of Canada every 72 hours depending on instrument orientation and mode. It covered the entire Earth every 24 days.

On March 29, 2013, RADARSAT-1 experienced a technical problem. The Canadian Space Agency (CSA) assembled a team of engineers, who conducted an extensive investigation. Following numerous attempts to resolve the problem, the CSA, in consultation with its commercial data distributor MDA Geospatial Services Inc. concluded that RADARSAT-1 was no longer operational.[7]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Satellite Characteristics". Canadian Space Agency. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
  2. ↑ "RADARSAT-1". Retrieved 20 October 2014.
  3. ↑ "News - Kongsberg Satellite Services". Ksat.no. Retrieved 2010-12-31.
  4. ↑ Wormdal, Bård (2011). Satellittkrigen (in Norwegian). Oslo: Pax. p. 13. ISBN 978-82-530-3450-8.
  5. ↑ "Canadian satellite RADARSAT-1 celebrating 15 years of service to Canada and the world" (Press release). Canadian Space Agency. 4 November 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
  6. ↑ "Soyuz rocket lifts Canadian radar satellite into space". CBC News. 14 December 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
  7. ↑ "RADARSAT-1: Seventeen Years of Technological Success" (Press release). Canadian Space Agency. 9 May 2013. Retrieved 2013-05-30.
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