Prohibited degree of kinship
In law, a prohibited degree of kinship refers to a degree of consanguinity (blood relatedness) between persons that results in certain actions between them becoming illegal. Two major examples of prohibited degrees are found in incest and nepotism. Incest refers to sexual relations and marriage between closely related individuals; nepotism is the preference of blood-relations in the distribution of a rank or office.
An incest taboo against relations between parent and child or two full-blooded siblings is a cultural universal. Taboos against sexual relations between individuals of other degrees of close relationship vary between the world's cultures, but stigmatization of unions with full siblings and with direct descendants are widespread.
One example of criminalization of nepotism is in the US state of Texas, which restricts the appointment or hiring of relatives by public officials.[1]
Marital prohibitions
The Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church have a long history of various marital prohibitions. These function to limit intermarrying between two closely related relatives. In the Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England published since 1662 there is a Table of Kindred and Affinity prohibiting certain marital relationships between relatives, and these provisions were subsequently enacted in statute law in England among other countries. In South Korea it had historically been forbidden to marry someone with the same surname and clan regardless of the distance of the relation, but this law was ruled unconstitutional in 1999.
Medieval canon law
Roman civil law prohibited marriages within four degrees of consanguinity.[2] This was calculated by counting up from one prospective partner to the common ancestor, then down to the other prospective partner.[3] The first prohibited degree of consanguinity was a parent-child relationship while a second degree would be a sibling relationship. A third degree would be an uncle/aunt with a niece/nephew while fourth degree was between first cousins.[3] Any prospective marriage partner with a blood relationship outside these prohibited degrees was considered acceptable.[3] Canon law followed civil law until the early ninth century, when the Western Church increased the number of prohibited degrees from four to seven.[4] The method of calculation was also changed to simply count the number of generations back to the common ancestor.[5] This meant that marriage to anyone up to and including a sixth cousin was prohibited. The Fourth Lateran Council of 1215 decreed a change from seven prohibited degrees back to four (but retaining the same method of calculating; counting back to the common ancestor).[6]
England and Wales
In England and Wales, the Marriage Act 1949[7] prohibits a marriage by a man and any of the persons mentioned in the first column, or between a woman and any of the persons mentioned in the second column, of the following table:
| Mother | Father |
| Daughter | Son |
| Father's mother | Father's father |
| Mother's mother | Mother's father |
| Son's daughter | Son's son |
| Daughter's daughter | Daughter's son |
| Sister | Brother |
| Father's sister | Father's brother |
| Mother's sister | Mother's brother |
| Brother's daughter | Brother's son |
| Sister's daughter | Sister's son |
The Children Act 1975 added the following prohibitions:
| Adoptive mother or former adoptive mother | Adoptive father or former adoptive father |
| Adoptive daughter or former adoptive daughter | Adoptive son or former adoptive son |
The Marriage Act 1949 also prohibited marriage to the following, but these provisions were repealed by the Marriage (Prohibited Degrees of Relationship) Act 1986:[8]
| Wife's mother | Husband's father |
| Wife's daughter | Husband's son |
| Father's wife | Mother's husband |
| Son's wife | Daughter's husband |
| Father's father's wife | Father's mother's husband |
| Mother's father's wife | Mother's mother's husband |
| Wife's father's mother | Husband's father's father |
| Wife's mother's mother | Husband's mother's father |
| Wife's son's daughter | Husband's son's son |
| Wife's daughter's daughter | Husband's daughter's son |
| Son's son's wife | Son's daughter's husband |
| Daughter's son's wife | Daughter's daughter's husband |
The Marriage (Prohibited Degrees of Relationship) Act 1986 prohibits a marriage to the following, until both parties are aged 21 or over, and provided that the younger party has not at any time before attaining the age of 18 been a child of the family in relation to the other party:
| Daughter of former wife | Son of former husband |
| Former wife of father | Former husband of mother |
| Former wife of father’s father | Former husband of father’s mother |
| Former wife of mother’s father | Former husband of mother’s mother |
| Daughter of son of former wife | Son of son of former husband |
| Daughter of daughter of former wife | Son of daughter of former husband |
The Marriage (Prohibited Degrees of Relationship) Act 1986 also prohibits a marriage to the following:
| Mother of former wife, until the death of both the former wife and the father of the former wife | Father of former husband, until after the death of both the former husband and the mother of the former husband |
| Former wife of son, until after the death of both his son and the mother of his son | Former husband of daughter, until after the death of both her daughter and the father of her daughter |
The Marriage Act 1949 (Remedial) Order 2007[9] accepted the ruling of the European Court of Human Rights and removed the ban on marriage with a former mother-in-law/daughter-in-law.
United States
As of February 2010, 30 U.S. states prohibit most or all marriage between first cousins, and a bill is pending in Maryland that would prohibit most first cousins from marrying.[10] Six states prohibit marriages between first cousins once removed.[11] Some states that prohibit cousin marriage recognize cousin marriages performed in other states.[12]
Jury service
Statutes in the U.S. state of Georgia disqualify a juror if that person is related "by consanguinity or affinity" to any party "within the sixth degree as computed according to the civil law".[13]
Virginia rulings in Jaques v. Commonwealth, 51 Va. (10 Gratt.) 690 (1853), stated the long-standing, common-law rule disqualifying a venireman (juror) who is related, within the ninth degree of consanguinity or affinity, to a party to a suit.[14]
See also
References
- ↑ "Government Code, CHAPTER 573. DEGREES OF RELATIONSHIP; NEPOTISM PROHIBITIONS". State of Texas. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
- ↑ de Colquhoun, Patrick MacChombaich, A summary of the Roman civil law (William Benning and Co., Cambridge, 1849), p. 513
- 1 2 3 Bouchard, Constance B., 'Consanguinity and Noble Marriages in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries', Speculum, Vol. 56, No. 2 (Apr., 1981), p. 269
- ↑ Bouchard, Constance B., 'Consanguinity and Noble Marriages in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries', Speculum, Vol. 56, No. 2 (Apr., 1981), pp. 269-70
- ↑ Bouchard, Constance B., 'Consanguinity and Noble Marriages in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries', Speculum, Vol. 56, No. 2 (Apr., 1981), p. 270
- ↑ The History of Medieval Canon Law in the Classical Period, 1140-1234, Ed. Wilfried Hartmann, Kenneth Pennington (The Catholic University of America Press, 2008), p. 377
- ↑ "Marriage Act 1949 (c. 76)". The UK Statute Law database. Retrieved 30 Aug 2010.
- ↑ "Marriage (Prohibited Degrees of Relationship) Act 1986 (c. 16)". The UK Statute Law database. Retrieved 30 Aug 2010.
- ↑ "Marriage Act 1949 (Remedial) Order 2007". The UK Statute Law database.
- ↑ McGlothlen, John (February 18, 2010). "Maryland lawmaker: Ban first-cousin marriages as unsafe". The Gazette. Archived from the original on 2016-11-29.
- ↑ The Love That Dare Not Speak Its Surname
- ↑ Wolfson, Evan (2004). Why marriage matters: America, equality, and gay people's right to marry. Simon & Schuster. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-7432-6458-7.
- ↑ Patterson Bank v. Gunter, 588 S.E.2d 270 (2003) 263 Ga. App. 424
- ↑ Gray v. Com., 311 SE 2d 409 - Va: Supreme Court 1984
External links
- "Consanguinity" – Catholic Encyclopaedia
- Don't hire the family – Article regarding Texas nepotism statutes, published by the Texas Association of Counties.