Prevalence of tobacco consumption

Prevalence of tobacco consumption is reported by the World Health Organization (WHO), which focuses on smoking (not smokeless chewing tobacco) due to reported data limitations.[1] Smoking has therefore been studied more extensively than any other form of consumption.[2]

Smoking is generally five times higher among men than women,[3] however the gender gap declines with younger age.[4][5] In developed countries smoking rates for men have peaked and have begun to decline, and also started to stall or decline for women.[6]

Smoking prevalence has changed little since the mid-1990s, before which time it declined in English-speaking countries due to the implementation of tobacco control. However, the number of smokers worldwide has increased from 721 million in 1980 to 967 million in 2012 and the number of cigarettes smoked increased from 4.96 trillion to 6.25 trillion because of population growth.[7]

In Western countries, smoking is more prevalent among populations with mental health problems, with alcohol and drug problems, among criminals, and among the homeless.[8]

As of 2002, about twenty percent of young teens (13–15) smoke worldwide. 80,000 to 100,000 children begin smoking every day. Half of those who begin smoking in adolescent years are projected to go on to smoke for 15 to 20 years.[9]

The World Health Organization (WHO) states that "Much of the disease burden and premature mortality attributable to tobacco use disproportionately affect the poor". Of the 1.22 billion smokers, 1 billion of them live in developing or transitional economies. Rates of smoking have leveled off or declined in the developed world.[10] In the developing world, tobacco consumption is rising by 3.4% per year as of 2002.[9]

The WHO in 2004 projected 58.8 million deaths to occur globally, from which 5.4 million are tobacco-attributed, and 4.9 million as of 2007.[11] As of 2002, 70% of the deaths are in developing countries.[11]

It is predicted that 1.5 to 1.9 billion people will be smokers in 2025.[3]

Country

Australia

In Australia the incidence of smoking is in decline, with figures from the 2011-12 Australian Health Survey showing 18% of the population to be current smokers,[12] a decline from 28% in 1989-90.[13]

Among the indigenous population, the rate was much higher: 50% of men and 44% of women reported being current smokers in 2007-08.[14]

People aged 25 to 34 are the most likely to smoke (24%), with a marked decline in smoking rates as age increases past 45 years in 2011-12.[12]

In 2007-08, the prevalence of smoking was strongly associated with socioeconomic disadvantage: a greater proportion of men (33%) and women (26%) who live in the most disadvantaged 20% of areas were current smokers than those who live in the least disadvantaged 20% of areas (12% and 11% respectively).[13]

In 2016 the daily smoking rate is less than 13%.[15]

Canada

In December 2002, Statistics Canada published a report on smoking prevalence from 1985-2001. In that report they found from 1985 to 1991, prevalence of "current smoking" (which they defined as daily smokers and occasional smokers) declined overall, for both sexes and all age groups except for those aged 15 to 24. Even larger declines occurred from 1991 to 2001. While current smoking prevalence for youths did not significantly change from 1985 to 1994-1995, there was a significant decrease of 6 percentage points from 1994-1995 to 2001 (from 28.5% to 22.5%). Provincially, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia, experienced most of their declines in current smoking prevalence from 1994-1995 onwards. All of the provinces experienced some level of declines over the entire 1985 to 2001 period. Declines in daily smoking prevalence occurred for both sexes and all age groups over the entire 17-year time span, although youth smoking did not start significantly declining until the mid-1990s. Overall, for daily cigarette consumption, smokers by 2001 had a significantly lower proportion of smoking 26 or more cigarettes daily compared with 1985 (14.0% to 5.8%). Most of the declines in the different sex or age groups occurred after 1991. At the same time however, smokers in 2001 had a significantly higher proportion of smoking 1 to 10 cigarettes daily compared with 1985 (18.6% to 31.1%). Most of the decline occurred after 1991.[16] As of 2008 the rate was estimated to be 18%, and declining.[17] A 2011 survey estimates that 17% of Canadians smoke.[18]

Germany

In 2005, 27% of the population admitted to being current smokers. 23% were regular smokers (28% of men and 19% of women,) while 4% smoked irregularly. The highest ratio of regular smokers was in the 20-24 age group: 38% of men and 30% of women.[19] According to a 2010 study by University of Bielefeld, 9,9% of all 15-year-old males and 10,8% of 15-year-old females smoke daily, which shows a strong decline during the last decade.[20]

Like in the most industrial countries the smoking rate in Germany decreases with increasing education level.

A 2006 comparative study found that 25.1% of male and 20.6% of female medical students in Göttingen smoke, while in London the ratios were only 10.9% and 9.1%.[21][22]

Germany has the largest number of cigarette vending machines per capita in the world: 800,000 per 82 million people.[23]

Israel

In Israel,[24] smoking prevalence among males had remained relatively constant at 30% in the years 1994–2004.[25] Among females the prevalence has declined slightly from 25% in 1998 to 18% in 2003.[25] For youth, 14% smoked at least once per week in a 2001 publication.[26]

In 2005, research has shown that Israeli youths have begun to use bidis and hookah, as alternative methods of tobacco use.[25] In 1990, smoking was the cause of about 1,800 male deaths in Israel which was around 12% of all male deaths.[27] Smoking has not been found to be significant cause of death among Israeli women.[27] The average number of cigarettes smoked per Israeli stands at 2162 (6).[25]

There are several anti-tobacco use legislations in effect. For instance, advertising is prohibited in youth publications and is forbidden on television and radio.[27] in addition to substantial increases in tobacco taxes, although comparatively the prices are still among the lowest compared to all of the European countries.[27] In addition, until 2004, there was no minimum age requirement for buying tobacco products in Israel,[28] however, an amendment to the tobacco marketing and advertisement law that became effective at 2004 has limited the sale of tobacco to people above the age of 18.[29]

According to Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, the smoking rate in the Israeli adult population in 2009 was 20.9%, down from 34% in 2000.[30] A Ministry of Health nationwide survey conducted in 2011 found that 20.6% of the population aged 21 and older were smokers.[31] The highest percentage of smokers was among Arab males, 44% percent of whom smoked, though this figure is down from 50% in 1996.

New Zealand

Tobacco consumption in New Zealand peaked in the mid-1970s when 60% of the population were smokers. By 2011 that number had fallen to 20% of the population, thanks to stringent tobacco control laws which are amongst the world's strictest. However, despite these laws, the number of smokers appears to be increasing as the global economy worsens and a recent spate of natural disasters have seen an increase in tobacco sales and although more males smoke than females, this gap is slowly narrowing. Tobacco consumption by Maori remains disproportionately high despite having decreased over recent years thanks to television, internet, radio and print media anti-smoking advertising aimed at Maori. The high rate of Maori tobacco consumption has been described by many Maori health advocates and academics as a "cultural genocide".

Romania

According to the Romanian Ministry of Health, the smoking rate among the general population declined from 36% in 2004 to 26% in 2011.[32] A report commissioned in 2012 revealed that 34.9% of men smoked daily, compared to 14.5% of women, and in the preceding 12 months, 37.8% of regular smokers had attempted to quit at least once.[33] Despite a general decline in smoking prevalence, the rate among women nearly doubled from 1991–2011, with 55% of women smokers belonging to the 15–34 age group.[34]

Sweden

Swedish citizens, 16 years or older, that consumed snus or smoking tobacco on a daily basis in 2011.[35]

The first research of smoking habits in Sweden was performed in 1946. It showed that 50% of men, and 9% of women were smokers. In 1977 32% of women and 41% of men were smokers.[36] The use of smoking tobacco, on a daily basis, had in 2011 decreased to only 12.5% and 14.3% among women. The use of snus, on a daily basis among men older than 15 years, was approximately 19.4% and only 3.0% for women.[35]

United Kingdom

Figures from 2013 show that proportion of the British population (UK excluding Northern Ireland) who smoke has fallen to 19%.[37] The Health Survey for England in 2002 found a smoking rate of 26%. By 2007 the proportion of adult smokers in England had declined four percentage points to 22%.[38] In 2015, it was reported smoking rates in England had fallen to only 16.9%, a record low.[39] Overall, the numbers of smokers in the UK in 2007 was estimated at 13.7 million.[40] The rate of smoking amongst the most socioeconomically affluent patients was 14% in 2007 and 34% for the most deprived.[40]

United States

Smoking prevalence among U.S. adults by state (2010)
Smoking percentages by group in the U.S. (2010)
Percentage of high-school students who reported current cigarette use (1991–2007)

Smoking rates in the U.S. in 2014 hit an all-time low, with only about 16.8% of adults smoking cigarettes in 2014, which is nearly a 20% drop from the smoking rate in 2005.[41] Smoking rates in the United States have dropped by half from 1965 to 2006 falling from 42% to 20.8% of adults.[42] As of 2013, the number of American smokers is 17.8% according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.[43]

In 2005, it was estimated that 20.9% (or 45.1 million) of all U.S. adults were current cigarette smokers. Of them, 80.8% (or 36.5 million) smoked every day, and 19.2% (or 8.7 million) smoked some days. The prevalence of current cigarette smoking also varied substantially across population groups. For instance, current smoking was higher among men at 23.9% than women at 18.1%. This is consistent with other countries (see table). Among racial and ethnic groups, American Indians and Alaska Natives had the highest prevalence at 32.0%, followed by non-Hispanic whites at 21.9%, and non-Hispanic blacks at 21.5%. Hispanics at 16.2%, and Asians at 13.3% had the lowest rates.[44]

Smoking prevalence also based on education level, with the highest among adults who had earned a General Educational Development (GED) diploma at 43.2% and those with 9–11 years of education at 32.6%. Prevalence generally decreased with increasing education. Adults aged 18–24 years were at 24.4% and 25–44 years were at 24.1% had the highest prevalences. The prevalence of current smoking was higher among adults living below the poverty line at 29.9% than among those at or above the poverty line at 20.6%.[44]

In 2005, the CDC set a 2010 target of 12% for current cigarette smoking prevalence. Certain populations had already surpassed these when it was set. This included Hispanic (11.1%) and Asian (6.1%) women, women with undergraduate (9.6%) or graduate (7.4%) degrees, men with undergraduate (11.9%) or graduate (6.9%) degrees, men aged over 65 years (8.9%), and women aged over 65 years (8.3%).[44]

In 2013, the national smoking average in the United States was 19.6% of the adult population. The following have some of the lowest percentages of smokers with their states:

Among cigarette smokers in 2005, an estimated 42.5% had stopped smoking for at least 1 day during the preceding 12 months because they were trying to quit. Among the estimated 42.5% (or 91.8 million) of people who had smoked at least 100 cigarettes during their lifetimes (the question the CDC asked to measure if they were ever smokers or not), 50.8% (or 46.5 million) did not smoke currently. In 2005, prevalence of current cigar smoking was 2.2% and current smokeless tobacco use was 2.3%. Prevalence of cigar smoking and use of smokeless tobacco were higher among men (4.3% and 4.5%, respectively) than women (0.3% and 0.2%).[44]

There are large regional differences in smoking rates, with Kentucky, West Virginia, Oklahoma and Mississippi topping the list, and Idaho, California and Utah at significantly lower rates.[46] The American Tobacco Industry has been little affected by the overall declining rate of tobacco consumption.[47]

Persons with mental illness, making up about 20% of the population, consume about 33% of the tobacco used. Persons with serious mental illness die 25 years earlier than average, often from smoking related illnesses.[48]

In November 2015, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention noted in their report, “The percentage of U.S. adults who smoke cigarettes declined from 20.9 percent in 2005 to 16.8 percent in 2014. Cigarette smoking was significantly lower in 2014 (16.8 percent) than in 2013 (17.8 percent).” The CDC concluded this from data obtained by a survey of Americans. However, researchers said that they are not sure if products like e-cigarettes are in any way helpful to reduce smokers in the country.

OECD 2015 rankings

The following is a list of OECD countries by the percentage of age-standardized prevalence of tobacco smoking among persons 15 years and older as published by the World Health Organization in 2015.[49]

Rank Country Smoking rate Relative smoking rate
1  Greece 42.4 42.4
 
2  Chile 38.0 38
 
3  Czech Republic 33.1 33.1
 
4  Estonia 32.3 32.3
 
5  Germany 30.3 30.3
 
6  Israel 30.1 30.1
 
7  Spain 29.1 29.1
 
8  Slovakia 28.2 28.2
 
9  Hungary 28.2 28.2
 
10  Poland 27.9 27.9
 
11  France 27.6 27.6
 
12  South Korea 26.7 26.7
 
13  Turkey 25.5 25.5
 
14  Netherlands 24.8 24.8
 
15  Italy 23.8 23.8
 
16  Luxembourg 23.6 23.6
 
17   Switzerland 23.2 23.2
 
18  Belgium 23.1 23.1
 
19  Portugal 22.2 22.2
 
20  Norway 22.2 22.2
 
21  Ireland 22.1 22.1
 
22  Finland 20.8 20.8
 
23  Sweden 20.6 20.6
 
24  Slovenia 20.2 20.2
 
25  United Kingdom 19.2 19.2
 
26  United States 17.2 17.2
 
27  Denmark 17.0 17
 
28  New Zealand 16.3 16.3
 
29  Iceland 16.1 16.1
 
30  Australia 14.9 14.9
 
31  Canada 14.9 14.9
 
32  Mexico 13.4 13.4
 

2008 data

Percentage of females smoking any tobacco product
Percentage of males smoking any tobacco product. Note the difference between the two scales.[50]
Notes
  • ! Data were not validated by country focal point in time for publication of this report
  • * Current smoking prevalence not validated
  • In gray, data is not available

The following is from the table b of WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic (2008).[51] From the initial survey the data is adjusted making it comparable between countries.[52] Because of this, however, it is not for inferring the prevalence within those countries (table a provides for this).[53] It contains 135 "Countries with recent internationally comparable adjusted data", 18 "Countries with national data that are neither recent nor comparable internationally", and 41 "Countries with no data".[54] The data represents smoking any tobacco product at the time of the survey including daily and non-daily smoking; the error is with a 95% confidence interval (CI).[55]

Country Male [%] Error [±%] Female [%] Error [±%]
 Albania 40.5 13.3 4 3.3
 Afghanistan no data no data no data no data
 Algeria 29.9 2.5 0.3 0.2
 Andorra 36.5 5.7 29.2 5.2
 Angola no data no data no data no data
 Antigua and Barbuda no data no data no data no data
 Argentina 34.6 3.55 25.4 3.05
 Armenia 55.1 7.95 3.7 2.35
 Australia 27.7 3.4 21.8 3.25
 Austria 46.4 2.15 40.1 1.95
 Azerbaijan no data no data 0.9 0.55
 Bahamas no data no data no data no data
 Bahrain 26.1 3.75 2.9 1.7
 Bangladesh 47 8.9 3.8 1.45
 Barbados 18.4 8.4 3 1.65
 Belarus 63.7 10.35 21.1 6.2
 Belgium 30.1 3.1 24.1 2.1
 Belize no data no data no data no data
 Benin no data no data no data no data
 Bhutan no data no data no data no data
 Bolivia 34.1 7.6 29.2 3.5
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 49.3 6.55 35.1 6.15
 Botswana no data no data no data no data
 Brazil no data no data no data no data
 Brunei no data no data no data no data
 Bulgaria 47.5 8.25 27.8 8.1
 Burkina Faso 22 1.95 11.2 1.4
 Burma 46.5 5.9 13.6 1.3
 Burundi no data no data no data no data
 Cambodia 40.5 5.05 6.5 0.65
 Cameroon 12.6 4.15 2.2 1.8
 Canada no data no data no data no data
 Cape Verde no data no data no data no data
 Central African Republic no data no data no data no data
 Chad 16 5.05 2.6 2.1
 Chile 42.1 8.45 33.6 5.35
 China 59.5 11.8 3.7 0.65
 Colombia no data no data no data no data
 Comoros 27.7 4 13.5 3.85
 Congo 12.1 4.2 1 1
 Cook Islands 36.1 9.15 20 6.15
 Costa Rica 26.1 4.15 7.3 1.55
 Croatia 38.9 1.8 29.1 1.15
 Cuba 43.4 17.1 28.3 6.75
 Cyprus no data no data no data no data
 Czech Republic 36.6 6.6 25.4 7.45
 Côte d'Ivoire 15.4 1.7 2.4 0.6
 Democratic Republic of the Congo 13.5 4.75 2.6 2.2
 Denmark 36.1 2 30.6 1.9
 Djibouti no data no data no data no data
 Dominica no data no data no data no data
 Dominican Republic 17.5 7.25 13.3 3.65
 Ecuador 23.9 3.15 5.8 1.15
 Egypt 28.7 2.25 1.3 0.5
 El Salvador no data no data no data no data
 Equatorial Guinea no data no data no data no data
 Eritrea 16.9 2.6 1.2 0.65
 Estonia 49.9 2.7 27.5 2.15
 Ethiopia 7.6 1.3 0.9 0.45
 Fiji 23.6 4.9 5.1 1.25
 Finland 31.8 2.35 24.4 2
 France 36.6 0.8 26.7 0.7
 Gabon no data no data no data no data
 Gambia 29.3 2.25 2.9 0.6
 Georgia 57.1 8.7 6.3 3.85
 Germany 37.4 2.55 25.8 1.55
 Ghana 10.2 1.5 0.8 0.4
 Greece 63.6 7.55 39.8 5.15
 Grenada no data no data no data no data
 Guatemala 24.5 3.95 4.1 0.95
 Guinea no data no data no data no data
 Guinea-Bissau no data no data no data no data
 Guyana no data no data no data no data
 Haiti no data no data no data no data
 Honduras no data no data 3.4 1.5
 Hungary 45.7 7.35 33.9 9.35
 Iceland 26.1 2.45 26.6 2.4
 India 33.1 6.4 3.8 1.2
 Indonesia 65.9 8 4.5 0.5
 Iran 29.6 5.45 5.5 1.75
 Iraq 25.8 4.2 2.5 1.65
 Ireland 26.5 5.15 26 3.35
 Israel 31.1 4.85 17.9 10.65
 Italy 32.8 2.4 19.2 1.45
 Jamaica 20.8 9 9.2 2.9
 Japan 44.3 8.9 14.3 2.25
 Jordan 62.7 9.15 9.8 5.8
 Kazakhstan 43.2 8.25 9.7 3.35
 Kenya 27.1 3.15 2.2 0.8
 Kiribati no data no data no data no data
 Korea, North 58.6 2.5 no data no data
 Korea, South 53.3 15.8 5.7 1.1
 Kuwait no data no data no data no data
 Kyrgyzstan 46.9 8.45 2.2 0.85
 Laos 65 8.05 15.6 1.2
 Latvia 54.4 8.75 24.1 3.2
 Lebanon 29.1 4.9 7 4.25
 Lesotho no data no data no data no data
 Liberia no data no data no data no data
 Libya no data no data no data no data
 Lithuania 45.1 7.2 20.8 2.85
 Luxembourg 39.1 3.7 30.3 2.95
 Macedonia no data no data no data no data
 Madagascar no data no data no data no data
 Malawi 23.7 2.75 6.2 1.7
 Malaysia 54.4 7.2 2.8 0.85
 Maldives 44.5 8.4 11.6 3.75
 Mali 19.5 1.9 2.8 0.85
 Malta 32.8 4.45 24.5 3.45
 Marshall Islands no data no data no data no data
 Mauritania 22.3 2.4 3.7 0.8
 Mauritius 35.7 3.8 1.1 0.5
 Mexico 36.9 7.25 12.4 3.5
 Federated States of Micronesia no data no data no data no data
 Moldova 45.8 7.35 5.8 1.65
 Monaco no data no data no data no data
 Mongolia 45.8 13.7 6.5 1.75
 Montenegro no data no data no data no data
 Morocco 29.5 2.25 0.3 0.2
 Mozambique 22 2.25 3.4 0.9
 Namibia 38.6 3.9 10.9 1.5
 Nauru 46.1 9.45 52.4 11.3
   Nepal 34.8 6.55 26.4 8.4
 Netherlands 38.3 0.95 30.3 0.85
 New Zealand 29.7 4.1 27.5 4.35
 Nicaragua no data no data no data no data
 Niger no data no data no data no data
 Nigeria 13 1.75 1.2 0.45
 Niue no data no data no data no data
 Norway 33.6 4.55 30.4 4.05
 Oman 24.7 3.8 1.3 0.9
 Pakistan 35.4 6.75 6.6 2.3
 Palau 38.1 10.05 9.7 4.6
 Panama no data no data no data no data
 Papua New Guinea no data no data no data no data
 Paraguay 33 3.85 14.8 2.15
 Peru no data no data no data no data
 Philippines 42 5.25 9.8 0.9
 Poland 43.9 8.7 27.2 9.05
 Portugal 40.6 5.5 31 4.15
 Qatar no data no data no data no data
 Romania 40.6 6.8 24.5 7.15
 Russia 70.1 11.05 26.5 7.4
 Rwanda no data no data no data no data
 Saint Kitts and Nevis no data no data no data no data
 Saint Lucia 28.9 12.1 12.1 3.9
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines no data no data no data no data
 Samoa 58.3 12.8 23.4 6.85
 San Marino no data no data no data no data
 São Tomé and Príncipe 23.2 12.8 10.6 11.9
 Saudi Arabia 25.6 3.75 3.6 2.15
 Senegal 19.8 2.35 1.5 0.7
 Serbia 42.3 4.9 42.3 4.9
 Seychelles 35.2 5 7 2.65
 Sierra Leone no data no data no data no data
 Singapore no data no data no data no data
 Slovakia 41.6 7 20.1 5.75
 Slovenia 31.8 6.1 21.1 4.95
 Solomon Islands no data no data no data no data
 Somalia no data no data no data no data
 South Africa 27.5 3.5 9.1 1.8
 Spain 36.4 4.2 30.9 3.7
 Sri Lanka 30.2 5.8 2.6 0.95
 Sudan no data no data no data no data
 Suriname no data no data no data no data
 Swaziland 14.6 2.65 3.2 1.05
 Sweden 19.6 1.05 24.5 1.1
  Switzerland 30.7 2.55 22.2 1.8
 Syria 44 26.35 no data no data
 Tanzania 24.8 2.6 4.3 1.15
 Tajikistan no data no data no data no data
 Thailand 39.8 4.75 3.4 0.15
 Timor-Leste no data no data no data no data
 Togo no data no data no data no data
 Tonga 61.8 12.9 15.8 4.45
 Trinidad and Tobago 36.4 14.6 7.6 2.4
 Tunisia 51 2.8 1.9 0.65
 Turkey 51.6 7.55 19.2 11.35
 Turkmenistan no data no data no data no data
 Tuvalu no data no data no data no data
 Uganda 20.9 2.55 3.2 0.85
 Ukraine 63.8 10.2 22.7 6.2
 United Arab Emirates 26.1 5.15 2.6 2.05
 United Kingdom 36.7 1.15 34.7 1.05
 United States 26.3 3.15 21.5 3.5
 Uruguay 37.1 4.45 28 4
 Uzbekistan 24.2 4.55 1.2 0.5
 Vanuatu 49.1 10.2 8.1 2.55
 Venezuela 32.5 5.85 27 5.9
 Vietnam 45.7 6.05 2.5 0.75
West Bank and Gaza Strip no data no data no data no data
 Yemen no data no data no data no data
 Zambia 21.7 2.75 5 1.5
 Zimbabwe 25.5 3.2 4.4 1.35

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Prevalence of current tobacco use among adults aged ≥ 15 years (percentage)". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
  2. ↑ "Mayo report on addressing the worldwide tobacco epidemic through effective, evidence-based treatment". World Health Organization. p. 2. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
  3. 1 2 Guindon, G. Emmanuel; Boisclair, David (2003). Past, current and future trends in tobacco use (PDF). Washington DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. pp. 13–16. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 18, 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
  4. ↑ The World Health Organization, and the Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health (2001). "Women and the Tobacco Epidemic: Challenges for the 21st Century" (PDF). World Health Organization. pp. 5–6. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
  5. ↑ "Surgeon General's Report—Women and Smoking". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2001. p. 47. Archived from the original on December 4, 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
  6. ↑ Peto, Richard; Lopez, Alan D; Boreham, Jillian; Thun, Michael (2006). Mortality from Smoking in Developed Countries 1950-2000: indirect estimates from national vital statistics (PDF). Oxford University Press. p. 9. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
  7. ↑ Ng, Marie (Jan 8, 2014). "Smoking Prevalence and Cigarette Consumption in 187 Countries, 1980-2012". Journal of the American Medical Association. 311: 183–192. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.284692.
  8. ↑ West, Robert & Shiffman, Saul (2007). Fast Facts: Smoking Cessation. Health Press Ltd. pp. 20, 26. ISBN 978-1-903734-98-8.
  9. 1 2 "WHO/WPRO-Smoking Statistics". World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific. 2002-05-28. Archived from the original on November 8, 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
  10. ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2009). "Cigarette smoking among adults and trends in smoking cessation - United States, 2008" (Full free text). MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 58 (44): 1227–1232. PMID 19910909.
  11. 1 2 "WHO/WPRO-Tobacco Fact sheet". World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific. 2007-05-29. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
  12. 1 2 Cubes&2B9F30C81002A8C1CA257AA30014C2AA&0&2011-12&29.10.2012&Previous "Table 7: Smoker status by age and sex, Australia" Check |url= value (help). Australian Health Survey: First Results, 2011-12. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
  13. 1 2 "Tobacco Smoking in Australia, 2007–08". Facts at your Fingertips: Health, 2011. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
  14. ↑ smoking in australia.xls&4841.0&Data Cubes&F12AFAED1EDDA9B5CA25784F000D5DCE&0&2011&11.03.2011&Previous "Tobacco Smoking in Australia 2007-08 Table 2.1" Check |url= value (help). Facts at your Fingertips: Health, 2011. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
  15. ↑ "Smoking rates at 'all-time lows' in Australia". 2016-09-28. Retrieved 2016-09-28.
  16. ↑ Report on Smoking in Canada 1985 to 2001, Statistics Canada, Health Statistics Division, December 2002
  17. ↑ http://www.cancer.ca/canada-wide/prevention/quit%20smoking/canadian%20tobacco%20stats.aspx?sc_lang=en
  18. ↑ "Smoking rate falls to 17% in Canada". CBC News. 2011-09-07.
  19. ↑ "Leben in Deutschland. Haushalte, Familien und Gesundheit – Ergebnisse des Mikrozensus 2005" (PDF). Statistisches Bundesamt. 2005. pp. 61–67. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  20. ↑ German youth smoking less
  21. ↑ Raupach, T; Shahab, Baetzing (2009). "Medical students lack bacic knowledge about smoking: Findings from two European medical schools". Nicotine & Tobacco Research.
  22. ↑ http://www.tabakkontrolle.de/pdf/Newsletter_April_2009.pdf
  23. ↑ Rauchen: Risikofaktor Nummer 1
  24. ↑ Tobacco Use Introduction for Israel, World Health Organization
  25. 1 2 3 4 Baron-Epel O. Haviv-Messika A. Tamir D. Nitzan-Kaluski D. Green M. Multiethnic differences in smoking in Israel: pooled analysis from three national surveys. European Journal of Public Health. 14(4):384-9, 2004 Dec.
  26. ↑ Meijer B. Branski D. Kerem E. Ethnic differences in cigarette smoking among adolescents: a comparison of Jews and Arabs in Jerusalem. Israel Medical Association Journal: Imaj. 3(7):504-7, 2001 Jul.
  27. 1 2 3 4 Tobacco or Health: A Global Status Report, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), accessed July 13, 2005 (site now down)
  28. ↑ WHO European Country Profiles on Tobacco Control 2003, World Health Organization, accessed November 24, 2005
  29. ↑ Israeli Ministry of Commerce and Industry
  30. ↑ http://www.jpost.com/HealthAndSci-Tech/Health/Article.aspx?id=181972
  31. ↑ "A Record Number of Non-Smokers". Walla (in Hebrew). 31 May 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  32. ↑ "Sanatatea vrea taxa mai mare la tutun si alcool, pentru a-i convinge pe fumatori sa renunte la acest viciu. Tigarile s-ar putea scumpi iar". 23 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  33. ↑ "Raport: 4,85 milioane de romani fumeaza zilnic sau ocazional. 70% dintre fumatori isi aprind prima tigara imediat dupa trezire". 5 March 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  34. ↑ "Una din cinci romance este fumatoare". Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  35. 1 2 "Scb.se". Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  36. ↑ http://www.nicorette.se/sites/nicorette_se/files/publication/Fakta%20om%20tobaksbruk%20i%20Sverige.pdf
  37. ↑ "Press Release: Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, Adult Smoking Habits in Great Britain, 2013". Office of National Statistics. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  38. ↑ [:http://www.ic.nhs.uk/statistics-and-data-collections/health-and-lifestyles-related-surveys/health-survey-for-england/health-survey-for-england-2007-latest-trends-%5Bns%5D Health Survey for England 2007: Latest Trends], the Information Centre for Health and Social Care, December 2008
  39. ↑ "Smoking rates in England fall to lowest on record". 20 September 2016 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
  40. 1 2 Simpson CR, Hippisley-Cox J, Sheikh A (2010). "Trends in the epidemiology of smoking recorded in UK general practice". Brit J Gen Pract. 60 (572): e121–e127. doi:10.3399/bjgp10X483544. PMC 2828860Freely accessible. PMID 20202355.
  41. ↑ CDC: U.S. Smoking Rate Drops To Record Low Taylor Tyler, Nov 14, 2015
  42. ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (November 2007). "Cigarette smoking among adults—United States, 2006". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 56 (44): 1157–61. PMID 17989644. Figure: Estimated percentage of persons ≥ 18 years who were current smokers, by sex
  43. ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/adult_data/cig_smoking/
  44. 1 2 3 4 Tobacco Use Among Adults: United States, 2005, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, October 27, 2006
  45. ↑ "10 Healthiest States in America". University of Illinois at Chicago. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
  46. ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (September 2007). "State-specific prevalence of cigarette smoking among adults and quitting among persons aged 18-35 years—United States, 2006". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 56 (38): 993–6. PMID 17898692. External link in |journal= (help)
  47. ↑ Nichter, M., and E. Cartwright. 1991 Saving the children for the tobacco industry. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 5 (3):236-256.
  48. ↑ Pam Belluck (February 6, 2013). "Smoking, Once Used to Reward, Faces a Ban in Mental Hospitals". The New York Times. Retrieved February 7, 2013. New data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows that the nearly 46 million adults with mental illness have a smoking rate 70 percent higher than those without mental illness, and consume about a third of the cigarettes in the country, though they make up one-fifth of the adult population.
  49. ↑ http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.sdg.3-a-viz?lang=en
  50. ↑ WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2008, pp.267–288.
  51. ↑ WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2008, pp.278–287.
  52. ↑ WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2008, p.67.
  53. ↑ WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2008, p.287.
  54. ↑ WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2008, p.68.
  55. ↑ WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2008, p.268–287.
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