Political Security Directorate
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إدارة الأمن السياسي Idarat al-Amn al-Siyasi | |
| Agency overview | |
|---|---|
| Jurisdiction | Government of Syria |
| Headquarters | Damascus, Syria |
| Agency executive |
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Political Security Directorate (Arabic: إدارة الأمن السياسي, Idarat al-Amn al-Siyasi) is an intelligence service of Syria. It is active against the opposition.[1] It runs detention centres.[2] It is divided into an Internal Security Department and an External Security Department.[3] It monitors political dissent and all media outlets,[3] and registered parties are surveilled, too.[4]
History and chiefs
From 1987 until the 1990s, it was headed by Adnan Badr Hassan, an Alawite from al-Mukharram near Homs.[5][6] Ghazi Kanaan was its chief from 2002 to 2004.[7] In 2004, Muhammad Manasra became its head.[8] In 2011, its chief was Deeb Zaitoun, an Alawite.[9]
Heads of Political Security Directorate
- Ahmad Sa'id Salih (past - 1987)[10]
- Adnan Badr Hassan (1987–2002)[11]
- Ghazi Kanaan (2002–2004) [12]
- Muhammad Mansoura (2004–2009)[13][14]
- Mohammed Dib Zaitoun (2009 – July 2012)[9][15]
- Rustum Ghazali (July 2012 – April 2015)
Regional Heads of Political Security Directorate
- Daraa branch: Atef Najib (2011), the European Union sanctioned him for "being responsible for the violence against protesters in Daraa during the Syrian uprising".[17] He was replaced by Brig. Gen. Nasser Al-Ali.[16]
Other Syrian intelligence agencies
References
- ↑ "Syria, Intelligence and Security". Espionageinfo. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
- ↑ "Syria's terror networks". Washington Times. 19 February 2007. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
- 1 2 "Bashar's Syria" (PDF). Retrieved 8 March 2013.
- ↑ Paul Todd; Jonathan Bloch (8 November 2003). Global Intelligence: The World's Secret Services Today. Zed Books. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-84277-113-6. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
- ↑ Batatu, Hanna (1999). Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics. Princeton University Press. p. 222.
- ↑ "Syria's Intelligence Services: A Primer". Middle East Intelligence Bulletin. 2 (6). 1 July 2000. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
- ↑ "Syrian official commits suicide after probe". Mafhoum. 12 October 2005. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
- ↑ Robert G. Rabil (2006). Syria, The United States, and the War on Terror in the Middle East. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-275-99015-2. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
- 1 2 Ahed Al Hendi (3 May 2011). "The Structure of Syria's Repression". Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
- ↑ Rathmell, Andrew (1996). "Syria's Intelligence Services: Origins and Development". The Journal of Conflict Studies. 16 (2). Retrieved 8 March 2013.
- ↑ The Annual Register: A Record of World Events 2002 - Keesings Worldwide. 2002. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
- ↑ "A rather convenient suicide". The Economist. 12 October 2005. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
- ↑ "Bahjat Suleiman Moved along with Other Security Chiefs". Syria Comment. 19 June 2005. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
- ↑ "Political security department". Cablegatesearch. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
- ↑ "Bashar al-Assad's inner circle". BBC. 30 July 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
- 1 2 3 "By all means necessary" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
- ↑ "Joint Proposal for a COUNCIL REGULATION concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Syria and repealing Regulation (EU) No 442/2011". EuroLex. 52011PC0887. 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
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