Polar set

See also polar set (potential theory).

In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics the polar set of a given subset of a vector space is a certain set in the dual space.

Given a dual pair $(X,Y)$ the polar set or polar of a subset $A$ of $X$ is a set $A^{\circ }$ in $Y$ defined as

A^{\circ }:=\{y\in Y:\sup _{{x\in A}}|\langle x,y\rangle |\leq 1\}

The bipolar of a subset $A$ of $X$ is the polar of $A^{\circ }$ . It is denoted $A^{{\circ \circ }}$ and is a set in $X$ .

Properties

$A^{\circ }$ is absolutely convex
If $A\subseteq B$ then $B^{\circ }\subseteq A^{\circ }$
- So $\bigcup _{{i\in I}}A_{i}^{\circ }\subseteq (\bigcap _{{i\in I}}A_{i})^{\circ }$ , where equality of sets does not necessarily hold.
For all $\gamma \neq 0$ : $(\gamma A)^{\circ }={\frac {1}{\mid \gamma \mid }}A^{\circ }$
$(\bigcup _{{i\in I}}A_{i})^{\circ }=\bigcap _{{i\in I}}A_{i}^{\circ }$
For a dual pair $(X,Y)$ $A^{\circ }$ is closed in $Y$ under the weak-*-topology on $Y$
The bipolar $A^{{\circ \circ }}$ of a set $A$ is the absolutely convex envelope of $A$ , that is the smallest absolutely convex set containing $A$ . If $A$ is already absolutely convex then $A^{{\circ \circ }}=A$ .
For a closed convex cone $C$ in $X$ , the polar cone is equivalent to the one-sided polar set for $C$ , given by

C^{\circ }=\{y\in Y:\sup\{\langle x,y\rangle :x\in C\}\leq 1\}

.^[1]

Geometry

Main article: Pole and polar

In geometry, the polar set may also refer to a duality between points and planes. In particular, the polar set of a point $x_{0}$ , given by the set of points $x$ satisfying $\langle x,x_{0}\rangle =0$ is its polar hyperplane, and the dual relationship for a hyperplane yields its pole.

References

↑ Aliprantis, C.D.; Border, K.C. (2007). Infinite Dimensional Analysis: A Hitchhiker's Guide (3 ed.). Springer. p. 215. doi:10.1007/3-540-29587-9. ISBN 978-3-540-32696-0.

Discussion of Polar Sets in Potential Theory: Ransford, Thomas: Potential Theory in the Complex Plane, London Mathematical Society Student Texts 28, CUP, 1995, pp. 55-58.

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