Pizza in the United States
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Many regional variations of pizza the United States have been developed, many bearing only a casual resemblance to the Italian original. Pizza became most popular in America after soldiers stationed in Italy returned from World War II.[2] During the latter half of the 20th century, pizza in the United States became an iconic dish of considerable popularity. The American slang terms za and slice can also refer to pizza.[3] The thickness of the crust depends on what the consumer prefers; both thick and thin crust are popular. Often, foods such as barbecued chicken and bacon cheeseburgers are used to create new types of pizza.
Pizza is a popular fast food item and the United States pizza restaurant industry is worth $37 billion.[4] and has an organized industry association.[5] Pizza is normally eaten hot (typically at lunch or dinner), but is sometimes eaten as cold leftovers.
Ingredients
American pizza often has vegetable oil or shortening (often, but not always, olive oil) mixed into the dough; this is not as common in Italian recipes (for example, the pizza dough recipe in the influential Italian cookbook Il cucchiaio d'argento does not use oil). This can range from a small amount in relatively lean doughs, such as New York style, to a very large amount in some recipes for Chicago-style deep-dish dough. In addition, American pizza (at least thin-crust) is often made with a very high-gluten flour (often 13–14% protein content) of the type also used to make bagels; this type of flour allows the dough to be stretched rather thinly without tearing, similar to strudel or phyllo.
In some pizza recipes, the tomato sauce is omitted (termed "white pizza"), or replaced with another sauce (usually garlic butter, but sauces can also be made with spinach or onions).
| Popular cheeses commonly used by U.S. pizzerias[6] | |
|---|---|
| Low-moisture mozzarella | Used by 9 out of 10 pizzerias, and less often mixed with other cheeses. It may be labeled either "whole milk" or "part skim." |
| Provolone | Second most popular cheese after low-moisture mozzarella. Some U.S. pizzerias mix it with low-moisture mozzarella, while a few are said to use only provolone. It is asserted as popular in the West and East. |
| Cheddar | Third in pizza-cheese popularity, and usually mixed with low-moisture mozzarella to preserve chewiness. It is asserted as popular in the South and East. |
| Parmesan | Parmesan is a hard, well-aged cheese, available in a variety of moistures. While it may be obtained pre-processed and in dehydrated, granular form, these varieties do not commingle well. Some pizzerias machine process block-form Parmigiano-Reggiano. It generally has a sharp flavor. |
| Romano | Romano, like Parmesan, is another hard, well-aged cheese commonly used on pizza. The Italian cheese is based on ewes' milk. U.S.-made varieties include cows' milk, and have an enzyme added to simulate the sharper flavors of the Italian-produced product. |
| Ricotta | Ricotta is used on white pizzas and inside calzones. On pizza, it may be used instead of tomato sauce. It is often covered with another cheese that melts better during baking and which holds the ricotta in place during consumption. |
Variations
- Bar pizza, also known as tavern pizza, is distinguished by a thin crust, almost cracker-like, and is cooked, or at least partly cooked, in a shallow pan for an oily crust. Cheese covers the entire pizza, including the crust, leaving a crispy edge where the cheese meets the pan or oven surface. Bar pizzas are usually served in a bar or pub and are usually small in size (around 10" in diameter). This style of pizza is popular in the Boston area, particularly the south shore, other parts of the northeast, and the Chicago area.
- California-style pizza is distinguished by the use of non-traditional ingredients, especially varieties of fresh produce. Some typical California-style toppings include Thai-inspired chicken pizza with peanut sauce, bean sprouts, and shaved carrots, taco pizzas, and pizzas with chicken and barbecue sauce as toppings.
Chicago-style deep-dish pizza
- Chicago-style pizza is distinguished by a thick moist crust formed up the sides of a deep-dish pan and sauce as the last ingredient, added atop the cheese and toppings. Stuffed versions have two layers of crust with the sauce on top. Chicago-style pizza also includes a thin-crust pizza that is sliced into small squares or rectangles.[7][8]
- Detroit-style pizza is a square pizza similar to Sicilian-style pizza that has a thick deep-dish crisp crust and toppings such as pepperoni and olives, and is served with the marinara sauce on top. The square shape is the result of an early tradition of using metal trays originally meant to hold small parts in factories.
- Grandma pizza is a thin, square pizza, typically with cheese and tomatoes. It is reminiscent of pizzas cooked at home by Italian housewives without a pizza oven, and was popularized on Long Island.[9]
- Greek pizza is a variation popular in New England; its name comes from it being typical of the style of pizzerias owned by Greek immigrants. It has a thicker, chewier crust and is baked in a pan in the pizza oven, instead of directly on the bricks. Plain olive oil is a common part of the topping, as well as being liberally used to grease the pans and crisp the crust. A significantly different variation in other parts of the country includes using feta cheese, Kalamata olives, and Greek herbs such as oregano.
- Hawaiian pizza has Canadian bacon, sliced ham, or bacon with pineapple toppings with Mozzarella cheese. This type of pizza is especially popular in the western United States, and is also a popular topping combination in Australia, Canada, and Europe, but notably not in Hawaii.
- New Haven-style pizza, also known as apizza (pronounced as "ah-beetz" in the local dialect), is popular in Connecticut. It has a thin crust that varies between chewy and tender, depending on the particular establishment. Apizza has a very dark, "scorched" crisp crust that offers a distinctive bitter flavor, which can be offset by the sweetness of tomatoes or other toppings. A "plain" pizza has tomato sauce and no cheese besides grated Romano cheese; mozzarella cheese is considered a topping.[10] New Haven-style pizza is traditionally cooked in coal-fired brick ovens.[11]
- New York-style pizza is a style originally developed in New York City by immigrants from Naples, Italy where pizza was created. It is often sold in generously sized, thin, and flexible slices. It is traditionally hand-tossed, moderately topped with southern Italian-style Marinara sauce, and liberally covered with cheese essentially amounting to a much larger version of the Neapolitan style. The slices are sometimes eaten folded in half, as its size and flexibility may otherwise make it unwieldy to eat by hand. This style of pizza tends to dominate the Northeastern states and is particularly popular in New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut.
An example of Quad City style pizza
- Quad City-style pizza originates from the Quad Cities and is a thin crusted dough that incorporates a “spice mix” that is heavy on malt, which lends a toasted, nutty flavor. The smooth, thin sauce contains both red chili flakes and ground cayenne, and is more spicy than sweet. The sausage is a thick blanket of lean, fennel-flecked Italian sausage that is ground twice and spread from edge to edge.
- Sicilian pizza in the United States is typically a square pie with a thick crust.[12][13] It is derived from Sfinciuni, a thick crust variety from Sicily, and was introduced in the US by early Sicilian immigrants. Sicilian-style pizza is popular in Italian-American enclaves in the Northeast, Metro Detroit, and Portland, Oregon.[13]
- St. Louis-style pizza is a variant of thin crust popular around St. Louis and southern Illinois notable for its use of distinctive Provel cheese instead of (or, rarely, in addition to) mozzarella. Its crust is thin enough to become very crunchy in the oven, sometimes being compared to a cracker, and toppings are usually sliced instead of diced. Even though round, St. Louis style pies are always cut into small squares.
- Tomato pies, in several areas around the Northeast, especially Philadelphia, refers to a square-cut thick-crust pizza topped with chunky tomato sauce and sprinkled with pecorino romano cheese.
- Old Forge-style Pizza is a variety of pizza from Old Forge, Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania. It is square-shaped and typically has a thick crust. The sauce often has onions in it and is sometimes a bit sweetened. It also often has unorthodox cheese mixes including cheeses such as American and Cheddar.[14]
See also
References
- ↑ "Food Flash:Most popular pizza toppings". Nation's Restaurant News. October 5, 2011. Retrieved September 18, 2012.
- ↑ Stradley, Linda. "Pizza - History & Legends of Pizza." What's Cooking America. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Jan. 2014.
- ↑ Webster's Editors (2005). Webster's 2 New College Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, ISBN 9780618396016
- ↑ "U.S. Pizza Industry Facts". American Pizza Community. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
- ↑ Martin, Andrew. "Inside the Powerful Lobby Fighting for Your Right to Eat Pizza". Bloomberg Business. Bloomberg News. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
- ↑ John Correll. "Chapter 9 - Pizza Cheese". Archived from the original on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 2012-10-13.
- ↑ http://www.realdeepdish.com/2014/07-13-chicago-thin-crust-pizza-yes-its-a-thing/
- ↑ http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2013/12/20/255601925/deep-dish-or-thin-crust-even-chicagoans-cant-agree
- ↑ Grandma Pizza: The full story - Feed Me (Newsday food blog)
- ↑ http://eatyourworld.com/destinations/united_states/connecticut/new_haven/what_to_eat/apizza_tomato_pie
- ↑ http://www.eater.com/2014/3/18/6264277/the-definitive-guide-to-new-haven-pizza
- ↑ "What is Sicilian Pizza?". WiseGeek. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
- 1 2 Hulin, Brenda. "Classic Pizza Types". Netplaces. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
- ↑ "Pizza Capital of the World: Tasting Our Way Through Old Forge, PA". Retrieved November 2, 2016.
Further reading
- Barrett, Liz. Pizza: A Slice of American History. Minneapolis, MN: Voyageur Press, 2014
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