Philip Nitschke

Philip Nitschke

Nitschke in 2016
Born (1947-08-08) 8 August 1947
Ardrossan, South Australia, Australia
Education University of Adelaide (B.Sc.)
Flinders University (PhD),
University of Sydney (Sydney Medical School) (M.B.B.S.)
Years active 1988 to present
Known for Influencing euthanasia debate worldwide

Medical career

Profession Physician and author
Specialism Euthanasia medicine
Research Euthanasia & voluntary assisted death
Notable prizes

Philip Haig Nitschke[1] (/ˈnɪtʃkɪ/; born 8 August 1947) is an Australian humanist, author, former physician and founder and director of the pro-euthanasia group Exit International. He campaigned successfully to have a legal euthanasia law passed in Australia's Northern Territory and assisted four people in ending their lives before the law was overturned by the Government of Australia. Nitschke says he was the first doctor in the world to administer a legal, voluntary, lethal injection.[2] Nitschke states that he and his group are regularly subject to harassment by authorities. In 2015 Nitschke burned his medical practising certificate in response to what he saw as onerous conditions that violated his right to free speech, imposed on him by the Medical Board of Australia.[3]

Early life and career

Born in 1947 in rural South Australia,[4] Nitschke studied physics at the University of Adelaide, gaining a PhD from Flinders University in laser physics in 1972. Rejecting a career in the sciences, he instead travelled to the Northern Territory to take up work with the Aboriginal land rights activist Vincent Lingiari and the Gurindji at Wave Hill. After the hand-back of land by the then Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam, Nitschke became a Northern Territory Parks and Wildlife ranger. However, after badly injuring his subtalar joint, with his career as a ranger finished, he began studying for a medical degree. In addition to having long been interested in studying medicine he has suffered from hypochondria most of his adult life and futilely hoped with his medical studies to educate himself out of the problem.[5] He graduated from the University of Sydney Medical School in 1989.[1]

Since assisting four terminally ill people in ending their lives, Nitschke has provided advice to others who have ended their lives, mostly notably Nancy Crick, aged 69. On 22 May 2002, Crick, in the presence of over 20 friends and family (but not Nitschke), took a lethal dose of barbiturates, went quickly to sleep and died within 20 minutes. Nitschke had encouraged Crick to enter palliative care, which she did for a number of days before returning home again. She had undergone multiple surgeries to treat bowel cancer and was left with multiple dense and inoperable[6] bowel adhesions which left her in constant pain and frequent in the toilet with diarrhoea. She was not, however, terminally ill at the time of her death.[7][8] Nitschke said the scar tissue from previous cancer surgery had caused her suffering. "She didn't actually want to die when she had cancer. She wanted to die after she had cancer treatment," he said.[8]

A 2004 documentary film, Mademoiselle and the Doctor,[9] focused on the quest of a retired Perth professor, Lisette Nigot, a healthy 79-year-old, to seek a successful method of voluntary euthanasia. She sought advice from Nitschke. Nigot took an overdose of medication which she had bought in the United States and died, not long before her 80th birthday.[10] In a note to Nitschke, thanking him for his support, she described him as a crusader working for a worthwhile humane cause. "After 80 years of a good life, I have [had] enough of it", she wrote, "I want to stop it before it gets bad."[10]

Nitschke made headlines in New Zealand when he announced plans to accompany eight New Zealanders to Mexico where the drug Nembutal, capable of producing a fatal overdose, can be purchased legally.[11] He also made headlines, even angering some fellow right-to-die advocates, when he presented his plan to launch a "death ship" that would have allowed him to circumvent local laws by euthanising people from around the world in international waters.[12]

In the 2007 Australian federal election, Nitschke ran against the Australian politician Kevin Andrews in the Victorian seat of Menzies but was unsuccessful.[13]

In 2009 Nitschke helped to promote Dignified Departure, a 13-hour, pay-television program on doctor-assisted suicide in Hong Kong and mainland China. The program aired in October in China on the Family Health channel, run by the official China National Radio.[14]

Organisations opposed to euthanasia,[15][16] as well as some supporting euthanasia are critical of Nitschke and his methods.[17][18]

Conflict with Medical Board of Australia

In 2014 Nitschke was approached after a workshop by Nigel Brayley, 45. Brayley was facing ongoing questions about the death of his wife, which police were treating as suspected murder.[19] Two other female friends of his had also died, one of whom is still missing.[19][20][21][22] Nitschke recounts that Brayley rebuffed suggestions to seek counselling,[23] and had already obtained the drug Nembutal.[24] Although Nitschke was unaware of the investigation at the time, he now believes that Brayley, whom he described as a "serial killer", had made a rational decision to commit suicide rather than face long imprisonment.[24] Nitschke stated that he does not believe he could have changed Brayley's mind, that Brayley was not his patient, that Brayley was not depressed and did not seek or want Nitschke's advice.[25] The Medical Board of Australia (MBA) and Beyondblue said Nitschke had an obligation to refer the man to a psychologist or psychiatrist[26] (a view dismissed by the NT Supreme Court in 2015).

On 23 July 2014, as a consequence of the Brayley case, the MBA voted to use emergency powers to suspend his practitioner's licence immediately, on the grounds that he presented "a serious risk to public health and safety". Nitschke said he would appeal the suspension, which he claimed was politically motivated, and that the Board "made it clear that what they really object to is the way I think. It's ideas they object to — namely, my belief that people should have a right to suicide, is something they think is contrary to medical practice."[27] The MBA later clarified that the suspension was an interim measure pending the outcome of an inquiry.[28] Nitschke said the suspension will not affect his work for Exit International and that he had not practised medicine for years.[29]

Nitschke appealed to a MBA tribunal in Darwin to have his July 2014 suspension from practising medicine overturned. In late 2014, the appeal was rejected on the grounds that although it was accepted that Brayley was not Nitschke's patient,[30] the controversial concept of rational suicide was inconsistent with the medical profession's code of conduct, and that as a medical practitioner providing advice on suicide, he posed a serious risk because people may elect to commit suicide believing it to be a pathway sanctioned by a medical practitioner and perhaps the medical profession generally.[31][32] Nitschke then appealed the tribunal's decision to the Darwin Supreme Court.[31]

On 6 July 2015, the Northern Territory supreme court upheld Nitschke's appeal, finding the emergency suspension of his licence by the MBA should not have been upheld by a review tribunal.[33] Justice Hiley's ruling said that the tribunal and board had misconstrued the doctors’ code of conduct, which requires them to "protect and promote the health of individuals", as extending to all doctors and all individuals. "A doctor would constantly need to fear that any interaction with any other individual or community, including an individual who is not and never has been his or her patient, may be in breach of the (code), even if the doctor did nothing in circumstances where there was no other obligation to do something," he said. Nitschke said the MBA's erroneous interpretation was "ludicrous" and flew in the face of common law.[34] Nitschke's lawyer will apply for costs of approximately AU$300,000, which were paid using donations, including $20,000 from Swiss euthanasia organisation Dignitas.[35]

In October 2015, the MBA lifted Nitschke's suspension but drew up a list of conditions under which Nitschke could continue to practise. These conditions included prohibitions on giving advice or information to the public or patients about euthanasia.[36] In response, Nitschke, calling the MBA's actions "a heavy-handed and clumsy attempt to restrict the free flow of information on end-of-life choice", surveyed more than 1,000 members of his advocacy group, Exit International, and received strong support for ending his medical registration.[37] As a consequence of the MBA restrictions and the results of the member survey, Nitschke publicly burned his medical practising certificate and announced the end of his medical career, vowing to continue to promote euthanasia.[36]

Nitschke stated that he will remain a doctor and will legitimately use the title "doctor" (he has a PhD), and will continue to see patients and Exit members in clinics that he runs in Australia and other countries.[38] In the wake of this incident, Nitschke and his partner, Fiona Stewart, decided in 2015 to relocate to the more liberal politico-legal environment of Holland.[39]

Conflict with police

Nitschke states that he and his group are regularly subject to harassment by authorities, including detention and questioning at international airports, and raids on homes and the premises of Exit International.[40][41][42][43][44]

On 2 May 2009 Nitschke was detained for nine hours by British Immigration officials at Heathrow Airport after arriving for a visit to the UK to lecture on voluntary euthanasia and end-of-life choices. Nitschke said it was a matter of free speech and that his detention said something about changes to British society which were "quite troubling".[45] Nitschke was told that he and his wife, author Fiona Stewart, were detained because the workshops may contravene British law.[45] However, although assisting someone to commit suicide in the UK was illegal, the law did not apply to a person lecturing on the concept of euthanasia, and Nitschke was allowed to enter. Dame Joan Bakewell, the British government's "Voice of Older People", said that the current British law on assisted suicide was "a mess" and that Nitschke should have been made more welcome in the UK.[46]

In April 2016, British police, acting on an Interpol drug alert, forced entry into the home of a member of Nitschke's organisation, retired professor Dr Avril Henry, aged 81,[47] who was in ill health.[48] Without knocking, police —accompanied by a psychiatrist, GP and social worker— forced their way into Dr Henry's home by smashing her glass front door at 10pm and questioned her for six hours, confiscating a bottle of imported Nembutal, and leaving at 4am. They decided Dr Henry "had capacity" and would not be sectioned (detained involuntarily for mental assessment).[49] Worried that the police would return and confiscate her remaining Nembutal, she committed suicide four days later.[48] Dr Nitschke commented that police had made Dr Henry's last days on earth a misery and that “police need to realise that in the UK, suicide is not a crime, and mental health authorities need to recognise that not everyone who seeks to end their life is in need of psychiatric intervention", adding that the police action was "a significant abuse of power against a vulnerable elderly woman".[50]

On 1 August 2014, after euthanasia advocate Max Bromson, 66,[51] who suffered from terminal bone cancer, ended his life with Nembutal in a Glenelg motel room, surrounded by family members, police carried out a three-hour raid on Exit International's Adelaide premises, interrogating Nitschke and seizing Nitschke's phones, computers and other items.[52] Nitschke said he felt violated by the "heavy-handed and unnecessary" police actions and confiscations that would cripple Exit International's activities.[52] In August 2016, after exactly two years of investigation, South Australian police advised that no charges would be laid against anyone over the death.[53][54]

Operation Painter

In October 2016 New Zealand police, in a "sting" operation code named "Operation Painter", set up roadblocks (checkpoints) outside an Exit International meeting and took down names and addresses of all attendees.[55] Some of the elderly members of the group were later visited at their homes by police with warrants, and searches were conducted. Computers, tablets, cameras, letters and books were seized.[56] Nitschke said police actions were unprecedented and probably in breach of the Bill of Rights, which guaranteed freedom of association. The police operation is now the subject of an Independent Police Conduct Authority investigation.[55] Legal action against the police followed.[57]

This coincided with another action by New Zealand police in which 76-year old Patsy McGrath, a member of Nitschke's Exit group, had her home raided and her store-bought helium balloon cylinder confiscated under warrant.[58]

Views on euthanasia

Dying with dignity

On 29 April 2009, Nitschke said: "It seems we demand humans to live with indignity, pain and anguish whereas we are kinder to our pets when their suffering becomes too much. It simply is not logical or mature. Trouble is, we have had too many centuries of religious claptrap."[59] He works mainly with older people from whom he gains inspiration, saying: "You get quite inspired and uplifted by the elderly folk who see this as quite a practical approach".[60]

In July 2009, Nitschke said he no longer believed voluntary euthanasia should only be available to the terminally ill, but that elderly people afraid of getting old and incapacitated should also have a choice.[61]

While Nitschke expects that Australia will eventually legislate for a, "very, very conservative," form of euthanasia, "certainly in the first steps",[62] he states that a growing number of people importing their own euthanasia drugs, "really don't care if the law is changed or not".[63]

Palliative care

Palliative care specialists state that many requests for euthanasia arise from fear of physical or psychological distress in the patient's last days, and that widespread and equitable availability of specialist palliative care services will reduce requests for euthanasia. Nitschke is dismissive of this argument. "We have too many people who have the best palliative care in the world and they still want to know that they can put an end to things," he said.[64] "By and large, palliative care have done pretty well out of the argument over the euthanasia issue, because they are the ones that have argued that they just need better funding and then no one will ever want to die – that's a lie."

Younger people and suicide

In 2010, the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine released a report into Australian deaths caused by the drug Nembutal, which Nitschke recommends as a euthanasia drug. Of the 51 deaths studied, 14 were of people between the ages of 20 and 40.[65] Nitschke acknowledged that the information about the drug that was provided online could be accessed by people below the age of 50 who were not terminally ill, but argued that the risk was necessary in order to help the elderly and the seriously ill.[66]

It was alleged that Joe Waterman, 25, had committed suicide after accessing Nitschke's online euthanasia handbook, by misrepresenting his age as over 50. Waterman subsequently imported Nembutal and ended his life.[67] In another case Lucas Taylor, 26, committed suicide in Germany by taking Nembutal after soliciting advice at an Exit International online forum (which, according to Nitschke, he accessed by claiming his age was 65).[68]

Individual rights argument

Nitschke argues that an individual person has a fundamental right to control their own death just as they have a right to control their own life.[64] He believes in having the "Peaceful Pill" available for every adult of sound mind.[5]

Australian censorship

Internet

For more details on this topic, see Internet censorship in Australia.

On 22 May 2009 it was disclosed in the press, citing wikileaks.org, that the Australian Government had added the online Peaceful Pill Handbook to the blacklist maintained by the Australian Communications and Media Authority used to filter internet access to citizens of Australia.[69] The Australian Communications Minister, Stephen Conroy, planned to introduce legislation just before the 2010 election to make internet service providers block a blacklist of "refused classification" websites. The blacklist is expected to include Exit's websites and other similar sites. Nitschke said the proposals were the "final nail in the coffin for euthanasia advocacy" in Australia, where people are banned from discussing end-of-life issues over the phone, buying books about it or importing printed material on it. "The one avenue we had open to us was the internet, and now it looks like it will be part of Conroy's grand plan to provide a so-called clean feed to Australia. It's outrageous."[70]

In April 2010, Nitschke began holding a series of "Hacking Masterclasses" to teach people how to circumvent the Australian internet filter.[71] Access to Nitschke's online Peaceful Pill Handbook was blocked during trials of the government's filter. A government spokeswoman said euthanasia would not be targeted by the proposed filter,[71] but confirmed that "The (website) ... for accessing an electronic version of the [Peaceful Pill Handbook] was classified as refused classification" because it provided detailed instruction in "crimes relating to the possession, manufacture and importation of barbiturates".

Nitschke said Exit International would investigate if it could set up its own proxy server or VPN tunnel, so its members had a safe way of accessing its information.[72]

Television

On 10 September 2010, Nitschke complained that the Commercials Advice self-regulator of advertising content on Australian commercial television had prevented the television screening of a paid advertisement from Exit International in which an actor depicted a dying man who requested the option of voluntary euthanasia. Commercials Advice reportedly cited Section 2.17.5 of the Commercial Television Code of Practice: Suicide. The advertisement was felt to condone the practice of suicide. Nitschke responded that the acts of Commercials Advice constitute interference with the right to free speech. Similar TV commercials, planned for use during Nitschke's Canadian lecture tour of 2010, were likewise banned by the Television Bureau of Canada, after lobbying by anti-euthanasia pressure groups.[73]

Billboards

In 2010, Nitschke planned to use billboards in Australia to feature the message "85 per cent of Australians support voluntary euthanasia but our government won't listen". In September 2010, Nitschke's billboard advertising campaign was blocked by Billboards Australia.[74] Billboards Australia cited section of the NSW Crimes Act that outlaws the aiding or abetting of suicide or attempted suicide. Nitschke was told to provide legal advice outlining how his billboard did not break this law, a request Nitschke described as "ludicrous", pointing out that the billboards urge "political change and in no way could be considered to be in breach of the crimes act".[74] Nitschke said he had sought a legal opinion from prominent human rights lawyer Greg Barns.[74] The lawyer was able to convince Billboards Australia to rescind its ruling, in part.[75]

Euthanasia techniques

Exit bag and CoGen

Nitschke created devices to aid people who want euthanasia, including a product called the "exit bag" (a large plastic bag with a drawstring allowing it to be secured around the neck) and the "CoGen" (or "Co-Genie") device. The CoGen device generates the deadly gas carbon monoxide, which is inhaled with a face mask.[76]

Euthanasia device

In December 2008 Nitschke released details of a euthanasia machine to the media. He called it "flawless" and "undetectable", saying the new process uses ordinary household products including a barbecue gas bottle — available from hardware stores — filled with nitrogen.[77] Nitschke developed a process in which patients lose consciousness immediately and die a few minutes later.

Nitschke said: "So it's extremely quick and there are no drugs. Importantly this doesn't fail – it's reliable, peaceful, available and with the additional benefit of undetectability."[78]

Barbiturate testing kit

In 2009 Nitschke made a barbiturate testing kit available, initially launched in the UK,[79] then Australia.[80] Nitschke said the kit was made available by Exit International in response to growing demand for something to test the Nembutal obtained from Mexico, often delivered in the post without labels. "They want to be sure they have the right concentration," Nitschke said. The kits have chemicals that change colour when mixed with Nembutal. He was detained for an hour for questioning on arrival at Auckland Airport in New Zealand on a trip to hold public meetings and launch the kit.[81]

Pentobarbital long-storage pill

In October 2009, Nitschke announced his intention to inform people at his workshops where to obtain a long-storage form of sodium pentobarbital (Nembutal) that manufacturers say can be stored for up to fifty years without degrading.[82] Liquid forms of pentobarbital degrade within a few years, while the solid form (a white, crystalline powder) does not. Nitschke intends to advise people on how to reconstitute the pill into liquid form for ingestion if and when it ever becomes appropriate. He said that he sees it as a way of keeping people accurately informed and allowing them to make viable choices. The provision of this information would be consistent with good medical care, in his view.[82]

Nitrogen canisters

For more details on this topic, see Suicide bag.

In 2012, Nitschke started a beer-brewing company (Max Dog Brewing) for the purpose of importing nitrogen canisters. Nitschke stated that the gas cylinders can be used for both brewing and, if required, to end life at a later stage in a "peaceful, reliable [and] totally legal" manner.[83] Nitschke said, "[nitrogen] was undetectable even by autopsy, which was important to some people".[84]

An Australian anti-euthanasia campaigner complained to the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA) about the canisters.[85] AHPRA has undertaken to investigate. The investigation is not complete.[86]

Following a 2013 workshop showcasing Nitschke's nitrogen gas product, the AMA's WA branch president and general practitioner,[87] Richard Choong, said that he was strongly opposed to it, regardless of its technical legality, since "any machine that can help you kill yourself can be abused, misused and maliciously used".[88] Nitschke responded that without such information most elderly people who want to end their lives hang themselves, which is "an embarrassment and shame".[89]

In 2014, Australians Valerie Seeger and Claire Parsons used the Max Dog brewing equipment to suicide.[90] Police investigated but decided not to prosecute Nitschke after a 2.5 year investigation.[91]

Awards and recognition

Books

See also

References

  1. 1 2 NITSCHKE, Philip Haig - The University of Sydney
  2. ↑ "Dr Death says Britain ignoring end-of-life needs". Reuters. 7 May 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2009.
  3. ↑ Billias, Maria (28 November 2015). "'Doctor Death' goes to blazes". NT News. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
  4. ↑ Philip Nitschke - About Exit Australia Founder
  5. 1 2 3 "Between life and death". The Age. Melbourne. 31 August 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
  6. ↑ "Radio National Breakfast – 27 May 2002 – Nancy Crick's Cancer". www.abc.net.au. Retrieved 11 October 2009.
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  19. 1 2 "Nigel Brayley's wife defends her husband against accusations of foul play in Lina Brayley's death". News Corp. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
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  31. 1 2 "Philip Nitschke heads to supreme court to fight for his medical licence". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
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  36. 1 2 "Philip Nitschke burns medical certificate and says he will promote euthanasia". The Guardian. 28 November 2015. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
  37. ↑ "Euthanasia advocate Philip Nitschke sets medical certificate alight, rejects Medical Board". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 27 November 2015. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
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  39. ↑ "e-Deliverance Newsletter Sep-Nov 2016" (PDF). Exit International. 2016-11-01. Retrieved 2016-10-31.
  40. ↑ "NZ police detain Dr Philip Nitschke". The Age. 2008-01-30. Retrieved 2016-04-21.
  41. ↑ "Euthenasia group raided over suicide". The Australian. 12 November 2009. Retrieved 9 December 2009.
  42. ↑ "Police seize Philip Nitschke items". The Courier-Mail. 2014-08-01. Retrieved 2016-04-21.
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  44. ↑ "WA Police search homes of Exit International group members for euthanasia drug Nembutal". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2014-04-22. Retrieved 2016-04-21.
  45. 1 2 "BBC NEWS – Euthanasia doctor held at airport". news.bbc.co.uk. 2 May 2009. Retrieved 2 May 2009.
  46. ↑ "Welcome Dr Death, says 'spokesman' for elderly". The Christian Institute. Retrieved 16 May 2009.
  47. ↑ Davey, Melissa (2016-04-22). "Philip Nitschke, the man who thinks we should all choose when to die". The Guardian. Retrieved 2016-04-23.
  48. 1 2 "Retired professor, 82, who campaigned for euthanasia to be legalised is found dead at home after 'taking suicide drugs which police failed to find when they raided her house'". Daily Mail. 2016-04-21. Retrieved 2016-04-22.
  49. ↑ "Euthanasia campaigner". Exeter Express and Echo. 2016-04-20. Retrieved 2016-04-21.
  50. ↑ "Retired Exeter professor dies in her home four days after police visit to check her welfare". Exeter Express and Echo. 2016-04-21. Retrieved 2016-04-22.
  51. ↑ "Voluntary Euthanasia Party's Max Bromson dies in Adelaide motel room after taking Nembutal". ABC. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
  52. 1 2 "Philip Nitschke's phone seized by police investigating terminally ill man's death". The Guardian. August 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
  53. ↑ Crouch, Brad (2016-07-31). "Two-year investigation into Max Bromson's voluntary euthanasia shows no sign of ending". The Advertiser (Adelaide). Retrieved 2016-08-02.
  54. ↑ Crouch, Brad (2016-08-02). "SA Police will lay no charges against Philip Nitschke over suicide of cancer sufferer Max Bromson in Glenelg motel room". The Advertiser (Adelaide). Retrieved 2016-08-02.
  55. 1 2 "Wellington woman Annemarie Treadwell's death trigger for Police euthanasia furore". Stuff.co.nz. Fairfax NZ. 2016-10-28. Retrieved 2016-10-28.
  56. ↑ "Letters from dead friend seized during controversial police euthanasia crackdown". Stuff.co.nz. 2016-11-01. Retrieved 2016-11-01.
  57. ↑ "Police seize voluntary euthanasia advocate's helium balloon kit". Stuff.co.nz. 2016-10-14. Retrieved 2016-10-31.
  58. ↑ "The Press Association: 'Dr Death' to show DIY suicide kit". www.google.com. Retrieved 30 April 2009.
  59. ↑ Saffron Howden (July 2009). "His choice to live or die". Lismore Northern Star. Retrieved 2 July 2009.
  60. ↑ "Give all elderly the right to die – Nitschke". News Corp. 8 July 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
  61. ↑ Paul Russell (19 February 2014). "The conspicuous silence from euthanasia activists about Belgium's horrific child euthanasia law". Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  62. ↑ "News Package Euthanasia". 4ZZZ Brisbane FM. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  63. 1 2 "Does the freedom to die enhance lives?". Irish Medical Times. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
  64. ↑ Medew, Julia. (15 February 2010). "Young people gain access to euthanasia drug". '"Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  65. ↑ Medew, Julia. (15 February 2010). "The Death Trap". The Age. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  66. ↑ Gribbin, Caitlyn; Owens, Dale. (3 July 2014). "Euthanasia advocate Philip Nitschke criticised over support for 45-year-old who committed suicide". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Accessed 3 July 2014.
  67. ↑ Stephanie Chalkley-Rhoden. "Exit International forum coached young man to his death, mother claims". ABC. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  68. ↑ Duffy, Michael (22 May 2009). "Web filtering pulls plug on euthanasia debate". smh.com.au. Retrieved 22 May 2009.
  69. ↑ Moses, Asher (16 December 2009). "Big Brother laws to be brought in for web". The Age. Melbourne. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
  70. 1 2 Bennett, Cortlan (4 April 2010). "Euthanasia workshops 'to fight filter'". smh.com.au. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
  71. ↑ Jacobsen, Geesche (6 April 2010). "Elderly learn to beat euthanasia firewall". smh.com.au. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  72. ↑ Perreaux, Les (27 September 2010). "Ad campaign for assisted suicide banned from Canadian airwaves – The Globe and Mail". Toronto: theglobeandmail.com. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
  73. 1 2 3 Rose, Danny (15 September 2010). "Another blow for euthanasia campaign". smh.com.au. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
  74. ↑ "Euthanasia billboard approved". smh.com.au. 4 October 2010. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
  75. ↑ "Nitschke launches suicide machine – smh.com.au". www.smh.com.au. 3 December 2002. Retrieved 19 December 2008.
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  77. ↑ Wheatley, Kim (18 December 2008). "Doctor Philip Nitschke to launch 'undetectable' death machine". The Australian.
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  93. ↑ Office of Film & Literature Classification decision

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